fluid and electrolytes

Question 1

electrolyte cations

Answer 1

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

Question 2

electrolyte anions

Answer 2

chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

Question 3

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 3

‘pushing pressure’; pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels

Question 4

osmotic pressure

Answer 4

‘pulling pressure’; pressure exerted by the protein in plasma

Question 5

electrolytes when theres low osmolality

Answer 5

low Na, low RBC, low hematocrit

Question 6

electrolytes when theres high osmolality

Answer 6

high Na, high RBC, high hematocrit

Question 7

phosphate

Answer 7

formation of ATP; plays a role in muscle contraction and RBC function
- important relationship with calcium
- bone and teeth formation

Question 8

phosphate is regulated by_______

Answer 8

parathyroid hormone

Question 9

causes of hyperphosphatemia

Answer 9

can occur due to low calcium or renal failure

Question 10

S&S of hyperphosphatemia

Answer 10

tetany, N/V

Question 11

causes of hypophosphatemia

Answer 11

occur d/t alcohol disorder, severe burns, refeeding syndrome, people receiving TPN

Question 12

S&S of hypophosphatemia

Answer 12

muscle weakness, paresthesia, lethargy, anorexia

Question 13

calcium

Answer 13

deals with muscle contraction, clotting

Question 14

serum calcium

Answer 14

measures what is not bound to bone

Question 15

ionized calium

Answer 15

is whats used by the body for muscle contraction

Question 16

causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 16

occurs d/t excess in diet, hypersecretion of PTH

Question 17

S&S of hypercalcemia

Answer 17

flaccidity (can lead to cardiac arrest), constipation

Question 18

hypercalcemia treatment

Answer 18

NS and Lasix

Question 19

causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 19

lack of intake, lack of weight baring activity, hypothyroidism

Question 20

S&S of hypocalcemia

Answer 20

tetany, spasms, cognitive dysfunction

Question 21

trousseau’s sign

Answer 21

20 above systolic BP

Question 22

magnesium

Answer 22

regulates cardiovascular system through vasodilation which causes a decrease in BP and CO

Question 23

causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 23

decreased intake and renal failure

Question 24

S&S of hypermagnesemia

Answer 24

excessive muscle relaxation, weakness, hypotension, cardiac arrest

Question 25

causes of hypomagnesemia

Answer 25

alcoholism, GI losses, exacerbation of atrial fibrilation

Question 26

S&S of hypomagnesemia

Answer 26

tachycardia, tremors, seizures,

Question 27

sodium

Answer 27

directs water movement, generates action potentials

Question 28

causes of hypernatremia

Answer 28

lack of fluids or excessive sodium intake

Question 29

S&S of hypernatremia

Answer 29

restless, hallucinations, thirst, muscle twitching, dry mucous membranes, hyperactive CNS

Question 30

hypernatremia treatment

Answer 30

D5W - isotonic in bag but will become hypotonic in body which will rehydrate cells

Question 31

causes of hyponatremia

Answer 31

SIADH, loop diuretics

Question 32

S&S of hyponatremia

Answer 32

confusion, seizures, N/V, headache, fatigue

Question 33

critical hyponatremia

Answer 33

levels less than 120; can cause permanent brain damage if treated too quickly

Question 34

critical hyponatremia treatment

Answer 34

3% hypertonic saline, salt pills

Question 35

potassium

Answer 35

opposite of magnesium; promotes skeletal muscle function and maintain nerve conduction in the heart

Question 36

causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 36

decreased excretion, high intake

Question 37

S&S of hyperkalemia

Answer 37

peaked T waves, muscle twitching and cramping, weakness

Question 38

causes of hypokalemia

Answer 38

GI loss, poor intake

Question 39

S&S of hypokalemia

Answer 39

flattened T wave, muscle weakness, numbness, bradycardia, lightheaded

Question 40

hyperkalemia treatment

Answer 40

calcium chloride, insulin IV followed by dextrose, kayexalate

Question 41

hypokalemia treatment

Answer 41

bananas, potassium sparing diuretics,

Question 42

ammonia

Answer 42

converted by the liver into urea which is excreted by the kidneys

Question 43

liver failure

Answer 43

increase in toxic levels of ammonia and decrease in BUN

Question 44

low osmolarity

Answer 44

hyponatremia

Question 45

high osmolarity

Answer 45

hypernatremia

Question 46

8 year old with gastroenteritis causing diarrhea and vomiting is an imbalance where ______

Answer 46

output is greater than intake - deficit

Question 47

8 year old with gastroenteritis causing diarrhea and vomiting is an imbalance where ______

Answer 47

output is greater than intake - deficit

Question 48

23 year old hospitalized cancer patient not eating d/t chronic nausea is an imbalance where _________

Answer 48

intake is less than output - deficit

Question 49

3 main consequences of imbalances

Answer 49

impaired perfusion and O2, impaired cerebral function, impaired neuromuscular function

Question 50

newborn water composition

Answer 50

80%

Question 51

1 year old water composition

Answer 51

75%

Question 52

adult water composition

Answer 52

60%

Question 53

nursing management

Answer 53

promote rest, avoid sodium, I/O, daily weights

Question 54

D5W

Answer 54

hypotonic in body and isotonic in bag