Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathophysiology semester 1 > Fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is 2/3 of the body’s water located

A

Intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

outside the cells, within the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

A

between the intracellular and extracellular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is there a constant fluid exchange between

A

ICF and ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure is exerted by water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does hydrostatic pressure move fluid

A

pushes water from the bloodstream into the ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure exerted by solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does osmotic pressure move fluid

A

pulls water into the bloodstream from the ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What leads to higher osmotic pressure

A

higher concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does oncotic pressure move fluid

A

pulls water into the bloodstream from ISF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Starlings law

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure opposed each other, controlling movement between different fluid compartments to maintain fluid balance and homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, where does fluid move

A

out of cells into ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure, where does fluid move

A

into cells out of the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osmolality

A

osmoles of solute per kg of solvent - mass of solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osmolarity

A

osmoles of solute per liter of solution - volume of total solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tonicity

A

the amount of solutes in a solution compared to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Isotonic solution

A

equal concentration as the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do you use isotonic solution

A

as a bloodstream volume expander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Example of isotonic solution

A

0.9% NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration than the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a hypotonic solution do

A

Shift fluid from ECF to ICF to increase hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What solution is used to treat dehydration

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Example of hypotonic solution
0.45% NaCl, half normal saline
26
Hypertonic solution
higher concentration than the blood
27
What does a hypertonic solution do
causes a fluid shift from ICF to ECF, increases osmotic pressure
28
What solution is used to diminish cell swelling, treat cerebral edema
hypertonic
29
Example of hypertonic solution
mannitol, 3% NaCl
30
What part of the brain responds to changes in blood osmolarities and blood fluid volume
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
31
What happens when blood osmolarity is high (concentrated)
the thirst center is stimulated to get more fluid into the body, ADH is released to prevent fluid from leaving the body
32
When is renin released
in response to decreased renal perfusion
33
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
renin converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1 --> angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 through the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs --> angiotensin 2 stimulates the release of aldosterone to increase sodium and water reabsorption into the bloodstream to increase blood volume
34
When are natriuretic peptides secreted
in response to fluid volume overload
35
What do natriuretic peptides do
promote glomerular filtration rate and the excretion of water and sodium to decrease fluid volume
36
What are the main causes of edema
elevated hydrostatic pressure, diminished osmotic pressure, inflammation
37
How does elevated hydrostatic pressure cause edema
excess water in the bloodstream pushes water out of the bloodstream into the ISF and ICF spaces
38
How does diminished osmotic pressure cause edema
a low amount of solutes in the bloodstream decrease the pulling of fluid back into the bloodstream
39
How does inflammation cause edema
increased capillary permeability
40
Dependent edema
forms in the lower extremities due to a weakened venous valve system, lack of muscle contractions, and gravitational forces
41
Pitting edema
visible indentations when pressure is applied and fluid is displaced
42
Third spacing
when fluids become hidden in body cavities that are normally free of fluid
43
What is the role of sodium
conducts nerve impulses, contract and relax muscle and maintain the proper balance of water and minerals
44
Treatment of hypernatremia
drinking more water, infusion of hypotonic fluids, diuretics
45
Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia
muscle weakness, restlessness, extreme thirst, confusion, lethargy
46
Causes of hypernatremia
water depletion
47
Hypovolemia hyponatremia
loss of both fluid and sodium
48
Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia hyponatremia
thirst, dry mouth, hypotension, tachycardia
49
Causes of hypovolemia hyponatremia
adrenal insufficiency, diuretic use, diarrhea, vomiting, excess sweating
50
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
loss of sodium but a large amount of fluid
51
Clinical manifestations of hypervolemic hyponatremia
headache, lethargy, confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps/spasms, coma, neurological damage due to swelling
52
Hypervolemic hyponatremia causes
impaired water excretion
53
What is the role of potassium
helps nerves, muscles, and heart function, move nutrients and waste, maintain normal fluid levels inside our cells
54
Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations
weakness, fatigue, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, high potassium blood levels
55
Hyperkalemia treatment
calcium, insulin, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, dialysis, increased renal excretion
56
Hypokalemia causes
excessive elimination through urine due to medications, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, cushings syndrome
57
Hypokalemia clinical manifestations
muscle twitching, cramps, weakness, hypotension, lightheadedness, excessive urination, excessive thirst
58
Hypokalemia treatments
potassium supplements, potassium-rich foods
59
Acid
a compound that donates hydrogen ions in a solution
60
Base
a compound that accepts hydrogen ions in a solution
61
Buffers
a neutralizer that attempts to balance the pH
62
What organ regulates carbon dioxide
lungs
63
What happens in respiratory acidosis
increase ventilation --> eliminate CO2 --> raise the pH
64
What happens in respiratory alkalosis
decrease ventilation --> retain CO2 --> lower the pH
65
What organ regulates bicarbonate
kidneys
66
Metabolic acidosis
increase reabsorption in the bloodstream --> raise pH
67
Metabolic alkalosis
increase secretion in the urine --> lower pH

pathophysiology semester 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions