Immunity/infections/vaccines/measles

Question 1

Anergy panel

Answer 1

immunocompetence test by injecting common antigens intradermally

Question 2

Antibody titers

Answer 2

lab tests that monitor IgM and IgG levels and confirm adequate immune protection against particular antigens

Question 3

Allergy testing

Answer 3

measure IgE reaction

Question 4

Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 4

IgE binds to a mast cell and combines with antigen to release histamine

Question 5

What does histamine do

Answer 5

vasodilates

Question 6

Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Answer 6

mediated by IgS directed towards antigens present on cell surfaces, cell destruction and phagocytosis occur

Question 7

Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity

Answer 7

antigen combines with IgS and develop tissue complexes that are deposited in the tissue, causing organ dysfunction

Question 8

Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 8

initiated by T-lymphocytes, delayed T-cell attack causing dermatitis, delayed inflammatory reaction

Question 9

Anaphylaxis

Answer 9

severe type 1 hypersensitivity reaction treated with epinephrine, antihistamines, and glucocorticoids to reduce risk of anaphylactic shock from vasodilation and low blood pressure

Question 10

Hypersensitivity

Answer 10

immune system becomes oversensitive to foreign invaders

Question 11

Immunodeficiency

Answer 11

immune system is weakened and can no longer fight against invaders

Question 12

Autoimmunity

Answer 12

immune system cannot distinguish between self and non-self

Question 13

Innate immunity

Answer 13

natural, born immunity, the body’s first round of defense

Question 14

What is innate immunity made of

Answer 14

the body’s natural barriers: normal flora, WBC, protective barriers

Question 15

Adaptive immunity

Answer 15

second line of defense, lymphocytes are the primary cell

Question 16

Cytokines

Answer 16

inflammatory mediators produced by WBC that attract the rest of the inflammatory response

Question 17

Macrophages

Answer 17

arise from monocytes, gets rid of debris through apoptosis

Question 18

Natural killer cells

Answer 18

T-cells that don’t need to be stimulated by APCs and go directly to the antigen

Question 19

GI tract defense

Answer 19

salvia –> gastric mucus traps –> intestinal flora

Question 20

Adaptive immunity

Answer 20

specific, develops memory
cell-mediated and humoral mediated immunity

Question 21

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 21

T-lymphocytes, mature in the thymus

Question 22

Humoral mediated immunity

Answer 22

B-lymphocytes, mature in bone
slower than cell mediated immunity but long lasting

Question 23

What CD4 cells do

Answer 23

influence other immune system cells

Question 24

What do CD8 cells do

Answer 24

directly attack antigens

Question 25

Cell mediated immunity process

Answer 25

T-cells are activated by APCs --> release cytokines --> adaptive immune response

Question 26

Humoral mediated immunity process

Answer 26

Encounter antigens --> mature into plasma cells --> produce IgS --> attack antigens

Question 27

IgA

Answer 27

found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, tears, protect against antigens

Question 28

IgD

Answer 28

activates basophils and mast cells

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

responsible for allergic reactions

Question 30

IgG

Answer 30

secreted by plasma cells, second responder to antigen, amnestic response

Question 31

IgM

Answer 31

responsible for early stages of immunity, attached to B cells and then distributed in the blood, first responder to an antigen

Question 32

Antibody-mediated response

Answer 32

Primary phase and then secondary phase

Question 33

Primary phase of antibody-mediated response

Answer 33

IgM response, the host cell is exposed to an antigen and then there is creation of immunoglobulins (but there is a lag response and this takes 5-7 days)

Question 34

What happens during the lag response of the primary phase of antibody-mediated response

Answer 34

CD4 cells attack

Question 35

Secondary phase of antibody-mediated response

Answer 35

Immunoglobulin count increases and initiates the amnestic response

Question 36

What do vaccines do

Answer 36

allow the body to recognize and develop defense against antigens without contracting the disease

Question 37

Booster

Answer 37

are needed because immunity can wear off

Question 38

Toxoids

Answer 38

vaccines produced by killed bacterial derivatives

Question 39

Complications of measles

Answer 39

bacterial pneumonia, eye damage, and blindness

Question 40

Treatment of measles

Answer 40

vitamin A for eyes, rest, antipyretics, oatmeal baths

Question 41

How is measles transmitted

Answer 41

droplet

Question 42

When is measles contagious

Answer 42

4 days after the rash and 4 days after

Question 43

How long are the incubation and prodromal periods of measles

Answer 43

7-14 days

Question 44

Clinical presentation of measles

Answer 44

high fever, cough, Koplick's spots (pathognomic to measles), maculopapular rash after 5-7 days