Fluid Balance 2

Question 1

Factors contributing to water distribution

Answer 1

Age
Gender
Body fat

Question 2

Intravascular water distribution

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

Transcellular

Answer 3

Lymph system, joints and eyes

Question 4

Sodium (solute) concept

Answer 4

Where sodium goes, water flows

Question 5

Concept of fluid movement between compartments

Answer 5

Higher osmolality
Water goes from an area of lower solute to concentration to area of higher solute concentration
- increase particles= increase osmolatity

Question 6

Osmolality

Answer 6

Measure of osmoles in a weight kg (solvent)

Question 7

Osmolarity

Answer 7

measure of the number of osmoles in a volume L solvent

Question 8

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 8

pressure of the blood that builds up coming from the capillaries

Question 9

Oncotic pressure

Answer 9

Osmotic pull from the proteins that remain in the capillary

Question 10

Albumin

Answer 10

Key plasma protein creating osmotic pull

Question 11

Key 3 fluid balance regulators

Answer 11

Central Nervous System
Kidneys (renal system)
Heart

Question 12

Thirst

Answer 12

Hypothalamis osmoreceptors

activated by increase in blood osmolality stimulates thirst centre in hypothalamus- feels thirsty

Question 13

Kidneys

Answer 13

Controls excretion of water and solutes

Question 14

Anti- diuretic hormone

Answer 14

Lets bring the urine home

Question 15

Key first 4 steps in ADH

Answer 15

1. Blood osmotic pressure increases
2. Sensed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
3. Stimulates thirst centre
4. Sends message to pituitary gland

Question 16

Key last 3 steps in ADH

Answer 16

5. Increase amount of H20 reabsorbed in colleting duct of kidney
6. Urine output reduced
7. Blood volume increased, Osmolality reduced

Question 17

What is RAAS

Answer 17

Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System

Question 18

RAAS concept

Answer 18

Just call me RAAS ill keep the volume pumping

Question 19

RAAS steps 1-3

Answer 19

1. WHen blood volume is low. Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin directly into circulation
2. Renin coverts antgiotensinogen (made in the liver) to angiotensin 1
3. Angiotensin enzyme ACE (from the lungs) then concerts angiotensin 1 to angiotens 2

Question 20

RAAS steps 4-6

Answer 20

Angiotensin 2 is potent vascocontrictor. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosteron (causes sodium and water retention by kidneys)

5. Thirst an ADH are stimulated
6. Blood volume is increased

Question 21

ANP- Atrial Natriurectic peptide concept

Answer 21

ANP-ill work with the kidney to make you wee

Question 22

ANP function

Answer 22

secreted from atrial muscle cells in the heart are stretched indicating high fluid volumes and BP

Inhibits ADH and aldosterone and renin excretion of water and sodium increases urine output increases fluid volume decrease

Question 23

WHAT is Hypervolaemia

Answer 23

Excess amounts of Fluid

Question 24

Causes of Hypervolemia

Answer 24

renal impairment
heart failure
liver failure
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

H20 intake high
increased IVF

Question 25

Oedema

Answer 25

abnormal collection of excess fluid in the interstitial compartment

Question 26

Hypovolaemia

Answer 26

Fluid volume deficit

Question 27

Causes of hypovolemia

Answer 27

Too much out/ not enough in | diarrhea, burns, vomiting. Not able to swallow

Question 28

Symptoms of Fluid volume deficit ( Hypovolemia)

Answer 28

Poor skin decreased uring output decreased BP Heat rate increase

Question 29

Oedema causes

Answer 29

Dysfucntional lymphatic system Increases hydrostatic pressure decreased plasma proteins

Question 30

Crystalloids

Answer 30

Molecules small enough to freely cross capillary walls

Question 31

Colloid

Answer 31

Molecule too large to cross capillary wall

Question 32

Outline Aldosterone

Answer 32

Released in the adrenal gland | Stimulates Na+ & H20 absorption in kidneys

Question 33

What are the 4 main distribution of fluid within the cells

Answer 33

Intecellular- in the cell Intravascular: within the capillary (plasma) interstitial- space outside of the capillaries Extracellular: includes: intravascular & interstitial fluid

Question 34

sensible fluid loss

Answer 34

sweat, faeces, urination, vommiting

Question 35

Insensible fluid loss

Answer 35

Skin and respiration

Question 36

effect of Hypervalemia

Answer 36

increase urination | confusion, pulmonary/periperpheral odema

Question 37

Therapies of Hypervolemia

Answer 37

diurectic | monitor fluid intake

Question 38

hypovolemia risk factors

Answer 38

age illness medical condition inability to drink/eat

Question 39

Therapies for Hypovolemia

Answer 39

Rehydration Replace blood correct electrolyte balance