Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Percentage of water in body for males and females?

Answer 1

60% for males
50% for females
Differences due to intercellular fluid

Question 2

Composition of the human body mostly made up of:

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

What is extracellular fluid made out of?

Answer 3

Interstitial (25%) and Plasma (8%)

Question 4

How is fluid balance maintained in the body?

Answer 4

through the digestive system: water in

and through the urinary system: water out

Question 5

2 major subdivisions of extracellular fluid:

Answer 5

1) interstitial fluid of peripheral tissue

2) plasma of circulating blood

Question 6

How does the body maintain specific fluid compartments?

Answer 6

through selectively permeable membranes, specific membrane channels

Question 7

What is the most abundant cation in Extracellular fluid?

Answer 7

Sodium

Question 8

What is the most abundant cation in Intracellular fluid?

Answer 8

Potassium

Question 9

What is the most abundant anion in Extracellular fluid?

Answer 9

Chlorine

Question 10

What are the most abundant anions in Intracellular fluid?

Answer 10

Protein and (HPO42-)

Question 11

How does osmosis eliminate minor differences in concentration?

Answer 11

Plasma membranes are permeable to water

Question 12

4 rules of regulating fluids and electrolytes:

Answer 12

1) ECF Rules
2) Concentration matters
3) Water is so passive
4) its all a matter of balance

Question 13

All homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to?

Answer 13

Changes in ECF

Question 14

What do receptors monitor?

Answer 14

They Monitor concentrations and plasma volume

Question 15

Is water passive or active in regards to regulation of fluid?

Answer 15

ALWAYS PASSIVE

Question 16

What 3 hormones affect fluid and electrolyte balance?

Answer 16

ADH, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides

Question 17

What 2 thing does ADH stimulate?

Answer 17

Thirst and water conservation at kidneys

Question 18

The osmoreceptors in “____” monitor osmotic concentration of “____”?

Answer 18

Hypothalamus, ECF

Question 19

Will a higher or a lower osmotic concentration increase ADH release?

Answer 19

Higher concentration because ADH lowers osmotic concentration

Question 20

Where is ADH release?

Answer 20

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Question 21

What system is aldosterone activated by?

Answer 21

renin-angiotensin system

Question 22

What gland secretes aldosterone?

Answer 22

The cortex of the adrenal gland

Question 23

When aldosterone causes kidney to conserve salt….

Answer 23

…stimulates water retention because water follows salt

Question 24

What is the function of ANP and BNP?

Answer 24

Blocks release of ADH and aldosterone, reducing thirst, to ultimately lower blood pressure and plasma volume.

Question 25

Is the circulation between the ECF and ICF compartments large or small-scale?

Answer 25

Small scale

Question 26

What are the percentages of the normal volume of ECF split up in interstitial fluid and plasma?

Answer 26

80% interstitial fluid, 20% plasma

Question 27

Which volume is greater, ICF or ECF?

Answer 27

ICF; it acts as a water reserve and prevents large osmotic changes in ECF

Question 28

What is the pH of ECF?

Answer 28

7.35-.7.45

Question 29

3 types of acids in the body:

Answer 29

1) Volatile Acids
2) Fixed Acids
3) Organic Acids

Question 30

What is an important volatile acid in body fluids?

Answer 30

Carbonic acid

Question 31

What is the most important factor affecting pH in body tissues?

Answer 31

Pressure of CO 2

Question 32

2 ways organic acids are made:

Answer 32

Anaerobic (Lactic acid): builds up rapidly

Aerobic: Metabolizes rapidly, and does not accumulate

Question 33

3 major buffer systems:

Answer 33

1) protein (regulates protein in ECF and ICF)
2) carbonic acid - bicarbonate (ECF)
3) phosphate (pH of ICF)

Question 34

What is the only intracellular buffer system with an immediate effect on ECF pH?

Answer 34

Hemoglobin Buffering System

Question 35

Why is acidosis more common?

Answer 35

Because normal cellular activites generate acids