Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base

Question 1

How much of our water is ICF (intracellular fluid) & how much is IF (interstitial fluid)?

Answer 1

ICF - 2/3

IF - 1/3

Question 2

Where is ICF (intracellular fluid) located?

Answer 2

inside the cells

Question 3

Where is IF (interstitial fluid) located?

Answer 3

outside the cell (main component of ECF)

Question 4

Where is IF (interstitial fluid) located?

Answer 4

outside the cell

Question 5

Who has the most water content?

Answer 5

babies

Question 6

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 6

substance that dissolves in water and dissociate into ions

Question 7

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 7

substance that dissolves in water and dissociate into ions

Question 8

What are 3 major intracellular ions?

Answer 8

potassium, hydrogen phosphate, & protein anions

Question 9

What are 3 major interstitial ions? (Also found in blood plasma)

Answer 9

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate ion

Question 10

Water intake must equal water output; what is the average intake and output?

Answer 10

both are 2500 mL per day

Question 11

What is the driving force for water intake?

Answer 11

the thirst mechanism

Question 12

Where is the thirst center located? What is it sensitive to?

Answer 12

the hypothalamus; osmoreceptors

Question 13

Where is the thirst center located? What is it sensitive to?

Answer 13

the hypothalamus; osmoreceptors

Question 14

What is hypotonic hydration? What happens?

Answer 14

water intoxication; ECF becomes dilute (hypotonic) and causes cells to swell due

Question 15

What causes edema (swelling)?

Answer 15

excess fluid in interstitial space; caused by hindered outflow of capillaries

Question 16

What are the major cations in ECF? (2)

Answer 16

sodium & calcium

Question 17

High sodium is called? Low Sodium?

Answer 17

hypernatremia; hyponatremia

Question 18

Aldosterone is secreted by by what gland in response to low sodium?

Answer 18

adrenal gland

Question 19

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

Answer 19

the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 20

When is ANP released? What does ANP do?

Answer 20

when BP is too high; lowers BP by inhibiting sodium thus inhibiting water reabsorption

Question 21

Estrogen & Glucocorticoids do what to sodium?

Answer 21

increase reabsorption (and BP)

Question 22

Baroreceptors motion BP where?

Answer 22

aorta & carotid arteries

Question 23

The cardiovascular center effects what to change BP?

Answer 23

afferent arterioles

• vasodilation increases urinary output, decreasing BP
• vasocontriction decreases urinary output, increasing BP

Question 24

What is the major cation in ICF?

Answer 24

potassium

Question 25

High potassium is called? Low potassium?

Answer 25

hyperkalamia; hypokalamia

Question 26

Where is the regulatory site for potassium?

Answer 26

the collecting duct

Question 27

What is calcium needed for? (3)

Answer 27

conduction of nerves, contraction of muscle, blood clotting

Question 28

What is calcium's function? (3)

Answer 28

conduction of nerves, contraction of muscle, blood clotting

Question 29

What are potassium and sodium's function?

Answer 29

to maintain resting membrane potential in neruons and muscles

Question 30

High potassium is called? Low potassium?

Answer 30

hyperkalamia; hypokalamia

Question 31

What are potassium and sodium's function?

Answer 31

to maintain resting membrane potential in neruons and muscles

Question 32

High calcium is called? Low calcium?

Answer 32

hypercalcima; hypocalcima

Question 33

When blood calcium levels are low, what hormone is secreted?

Answer 33

parathyroid hormone

Question 34

What is ideal pH of blood? What are outer limits?

Answer 34

pH of 7.4; ranges between pH of 6.8-7.8

Question 35

What is alkalosis?

Answer 35

reducing hydrogen ion concentration (HIGHER pH)

Question 36

What is acidosis?

Answer 36

increasing hydrogen ion concentration (LOWER pH)

Question 37

What 3 systems control pH? How long does it take for each to kick in?

Answer 37

- chemical buffer system - instantly - respiratory center in the brain - 1-2 minutes - renal mechanisms - long time

Question 38

Which of the 3 pH control systems is the strongest?

Answer 38

renal mechanisms

Question 39

What do chemical buffers do?

Answer 39

resist change in pH

Question 40

What is an acid?

Answer 40

gives off hydrogen ions

Question 41

What is a base?

Answer 41

takes on hydrogen ions

Question 42

The bicarbonate buffer system is important in what fluid?

Answer 42

ECF

Question 43

The phosphate buffer system is important in what fluid?

Answer 43

ICF

Question 44

The phosphate buffer system is important in what fluid?

Answer 44

ICF

Question 45

What are the acid and base involved with the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 45

acid: carbonic acid base: sodium bicarbonate

Question 46

What are the acid and base involved with the phosphate buffer system?

Answer 46

acid: sodium dihydrogen phosphate base: sodium monohydrogen phosphate

Question 47

What are the acid and base involved with the protein buffer system?

Answer 47

acid: carboxyl group base: amine group

Question 48

What are the acid and base involved with the protein buffer system?

Answer 48

acid: carboxyl group base: amine group

Question 49

What are the acid and base involved with the protein buffer system?

Answer 49

acid: carboxyl group base: amine group

Question 50

The kidneys can make what ion?

Answer 50

the bicarbonate ion