fluids

Question 1

what is edema

Answer 1

excess interstitial fluid

Question 2

is edema localized or systemic?

Answer 2

could be either

Question 3

ascites

Answer 3

edema in peritoneal cavity

Question 4

hydrothorax

Answer 4

edema in pleural cavity

Question 5

hemothorax

Answer 5

blood in plural cavity

Question 6

empyema

Answer 6

pus in plural cavity

Question 7

pericardial effusion

Answer 7

edema in pericardial cavity

Question 8

hydrocephalis

Answer 8

excess cerebrospinal fluid

Question 9

hydrocele

Answer 9

edema in scrotum/ testicular cavity

Question 10

hydrosalpinx

Answer 10

edema in uterine tube

Question 11

ileus

Answer 11

small intestine

Question 12

blister

Answer 12

edema in in epidermis and dermis

Question 13

seroma

Answer 13

surgicallly created space

Question 14

what is transudate edema

Answer 14

edema where interstitial fluid is high salt low protein content

Question 15

what causes transudate edema generally

Answer 15

alterations in sterling forces

Question 16

what are sterling forces

Answer 16

forces in the capillary where vessel pressure is higher than tissue pressure on artery side and fluid leaks into tissue. on vein side tissue pressure is higher than vessel pressure so about 90% of fluid leaks back into fluid and vessel proteins help draw that fluid in. The other 10% goes into lymphatic system

Question 17

what can disrupt sterling forces

Answer 17

cirrosis, renal failure
salt indulgence
heart failure

Question 18

what direction does capillary hydrostatic pressure go?

Answer 18

into tissue

Question 19

what direction does blood colloid osmotic pressure go?

Answer 19

into vessel on venus side

Question 20

what are some causes of transudative edema

Answer 20

excess total body water
salt fluid retention
excess aldosterone
kidney failure
systemic veins  (right heart failure)
pulmonary vein (left heart failure.)
cirrosis
brain trauma etc.

Question 21

what is exudative edema

Answer 21

protein rich salt water in tissue

Question 22

what does exudate edema result from

Answer 22

inflammation
sepsis
burns
overly leaky capillaries

Question 23

what is the mechanism of exudate edema when thinking of the proteins

Answer 23

when proteins leak out of capillaries into tissues/ water follows through osmosis

Question 24

what can labs extinguish when speaking of edema

Answer 24

transudate vs exudate

Question 25

what is hemorrhage

Answer 25

loss of whole blood blood from vessels

Question 26

what is petechia

Answer 26

<3mm blood spot

Question 27

what is eccymosis

Answer 27

large >10mm blood spot (bruise)

Question 28

what is purpura

Answer 28

medium 3-10mm blood spot

Question 29

what is a hematoma

Answer 29

blood in tissues producing a mass

Question 30

hemoptysis

Answer 30

coughing blood

Question 31

hematemisis

Answer 31

vomiting blood

Question 32

hematochezia

Answer 32

bright red blood from rectum

Question 33

melana

Answer 33

black tarry stool per rectum

Question 34

causes of hemorrhage

Answer 34

``` trauma disease of blood vessels disease around vessels lack of clotting factors lack of platelets ```

Question 35

what is the significance of a hemorrhage

Answer 35

depends of where and how much

Question 36

what are the classes of hemorrhage, how much blood loss, and their symptoms

Answer 36

I-750ml-minimal to no symptoms II-750-200ml- tachycardia tachypnea, and anxiety III 1500-2000- tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, altered mental state IV- 200ml- tachycardia, hypotension, clammy, cold, severely altered mental state

Question 37

what is shock

Answer 37

widespread hypo fusion of body tissues

Question 38

what does hypo fusion mean

Answer 38

when tissues are not recieving enough oxygen from the blood

Question 39

what does hypo fusion lead to in the instance of shock

Answer 39

widespread organ failure and compensatory mechanisms to maintain blood pressure

Question 40

why does aerobic metabolism become main energy source in shock

Answer 40

because there is no oxygen going to tissues

Question 41

what do we care about the most when someone is in shock

Answer 41

tissue profusion

Question 42

what is hypovolemic shock

Answer 42

sudden loss of blood volume in the form of vomit/diarrhea/ burns or third space blood loss

Question 43

what is cardiogenic shock

Answer 43

pump failure to pump oxygenated blood to tissues

Question 44

what causes cariogenic shock shock

Answer 44

heart attack rupture of ventricle or valve heart rhythm disterbances

Question 45

what causes disruptive shock

Answer 45

``` sepsis anaphylaxis high spinal cord injury profound anesthesia vasovagal newer war gases ```

Question 46

what causes obstructive shock

Answer 46

external compression of heart or its outflow

Question 47

what is the compensated stage of shock and what are some common attributes

Answer 47

reversible stage of shock when blood is shunted from everything except heart and brain no urine production, dry mouth and skin but BP is maintained

Question 48

What is progressive stage of shock common attributes?

Answer 48

sympathetic compensatory mechanisms fail BP and cardiac output drop lung and kidney damage occurs survival becomes unlikely

Question 49

what is the major goal of tretment for shock

Answer 49

to restore tissue profusion control the bleeding lots of fluids (LOTS) address cause of bleeding