FNS 121 Final Exam Flashcards

Question

LATERAL

Answer 1

towards the side; away from mid-line/median

Answer 2

part closer to the point of attachment/trunk than another part (as a point of reference)

Answer 3

part further from the point of attachment/trunk than another part (as a point of reference)

Answer 4

near the surface

Answer 5

more internal; away from the surface

Answer 6

Imaginary line created on the abdomen of the deceased | Helps to locate underlying viscera

Answer 7

the study of form and function of an organism which can be done without the aid of a microscope.

Answer 8

The study of tissues

Answer 9

Throughout the entire system of the organism

Answer 10

Only specific to a localized area

Answer 11

The study of diseased cells/tissues/etc

Answer 12

Surface references to locate deeper lying structures.

Answer 13

The study of function of an organism

Answer 14

``` Vertebral column 7 cervical vertiebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral 1 coccyx ```

Answer 15

``` Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral cavity -thoracic cavity -abdominal cavity -abdmoninopelvic cavity -pelvic cavity ```

Answer 16

Spinal cord

Answer 17

Thoracic | -lungs, mediastinum, thymus, heart, esophagus, trachea

Answer 18

Abdominal | -stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine

Answer 19

Urinary bladder , internal reproductive organs

Answer 20

``` Head -Cranium -Face Neck (cervical) Trunk (torso) -thorax -Abdomen -Pelvis Upper extremities Lower extremities ```

Answer 21

Axial Skeleton | Considered the ‘body proper” Head, neck, and abdominal area

Answer 22

Consists of : upper extremities and lower extremities

Answer 23

Epithelial (covering/lining) Connective (support) Muscular (movement) Nervous (control)

Answer 24

Covers a vital organ

Answer 25

Lines a body cavity

Answer 26

Between membranes for lubrication

Answer 27

Surface of the lungs

Answer 28

Lines the cavity of the lungs

Answer 29

Filled with serous fluid

Answer 30

Surface of the heart

Answer 31

Lines the cavity of the heart

Answer 32

Filled with serous fluid

Answer 33

Surface of the liver, stomach, etc

Answer 34

Lines the cavity of the abdomen

Answer 35

Filled with serous fluid

Answer 36

Tiny organ

Answer 37

The brain;” largest part of cell;

Answer 38

Energy source

Answer 39

Make proteins

Answer 40

Provides transport-no proteins; L/S (look like roads off of nucleus)

Answer 41

Provides transport-WITH proteins; L/S (look like roads off of nucleus with ribosomes/dots on them)

Answer 42

Help digest waste/worn cell parts

Answer 43

enzymes speed reaction of excretion

Answer 44

Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic) acid of cell; R/S-small circle inside the nucleus

Answer 45

Outer wall of cell

Answer 46

The packaging site of cell (performs similar function as colon does for human body); looks like a “stack of pancakes” above the nucleus

Answer 47

Clear gel-like substance that all organelles are suspended in

Answer 48

Storage site or ‘pantry’ of the cell;

Answer 49

The membrane around the cell nucleus that regulates what comes in/out;

Answer 50

Short, hair-like projections used for movement

Answer 51

Long whip-like tails for movement; sing. = flagellum

Answer 52

False feet;” cells used cytoplasmic streaming to propel themselves (ex. amoeba)

Answer 53

packets of unwanted waste/material that will travel to membrane to be released; L/S blank under vacuole; represented by small dots next to Golgi apparatus

Answer 54

place in cell membrane that allows waste to pass out

Answer 55

look like flowers; important in the cell cycle/mitosis

Answer 56

First line of defense; protects cell from the environment; maintains the integrity of the cell; “selectively permeable” in that it regulates what comes in/out of cell

Answer 57

The brain;” controls all metabolic function of the cell

Answer 58

comprised of a clear gel-like substance (cytosol) that holds all of the organelles of the cell; keeps the cell vital and functioning

Answer 59

Round or ovoid in structure

Answer 60

Square or rectangular ; also have cell walls in addition to cell membranes

Answer 61

A hypotonic solution has lower osmotic pressure meaning more water can enter the cell than can exit; the membrane of the cell can rupture and the cell die (ex. water balloon) *she called this plasmoptysis in class; book says they hemolyze

Answer 62

: A hypertonic solution has higher osmotic pressure meaning that more water will exit the cell than can enter; the cell shrinks and can die (ex. grape to raisin) *she called this plasmolysis

Answer 63

The ideal solution for cells; equal passage of water in/out resulting in no change for the cells; an isotonic solution has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Answer 64

The movement of atoms/molecules/ions to move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration (ex. perfume)

Answer 65

The diffusion of water molecules across membranes; specific only to water

Answer 66

The separation of solids from fluids (blood pressure forces filtration through capillaries)

Answer 67

Cell division of somatic (normal body) cells; DOES NOT include sex or gamete cells; 4 main stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase)

Answer 68

The means in which sex cells or gametes reproduce

Answer 69

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, apoptosis

Answer 70

we added the drawing of a basic cell with nucleus; this is the state in which a cell spends most of its time growing and preparing for mitosis

Answer 71

chromosomes are becoming visible; nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles appear/become visible; spindle fibers (long) and aster rays (short) appear

Answer 72

centrioles move to opposite sides/poles of the cell; chromosomes move to the middle of the cell; spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

Answer 73

chromosomes pulled apart and moved to opposite poles/sides of the cell by the spindle fibers; the cell elongates in preparation to divide (looks more ovoid)

Answer 74

cleavage furrow appears; spindle fibers disappear; cytoplasm disappears so cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) can occur; nuclear membrane reappears as part of karyokinesis (division of nucleus); end up with two identical daughter cells that are identical to the original cell

Answer 75

Cell death also called “programmed cell death” since it is part of the normal development of the cell

Answer 76

Selectively permeable

Answer 77

Controls all of the metabolic activity of the cell

Answer 78

Contains all of the organelles

Answer 79

Responsible for synthesizing ( making) proteins | Can be found free-floating writhing the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 80

Responsible for transporting proteins

Answer 81

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 82

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 83

Small sacs that transport material (particularly wastes material) throughout the cell Can be found around the Golgi apparatus and sometimes the Rough endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 84

For packaging up material that needs to be expelled from the cell

Answer 85

Golgi and fuse with the cell membrane in order to rid the waste from the cell

Answer 86

Are responsible for providing the cell with energy

Answer 87

Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 88

digesting worn out cell parts using enzymes

Answer 89

Genetic information of the cell | DNA or RNA

Answer 90

regulating what materials can enter/exit the nucleus

Answer 91

The movement of molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 92

The movement of water molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 93

the amount of water exiting the cell is greater than the amount of water entering the cell.

Answer 94

Can occur , cell shrinks and dies

Answer 95

The amount of water entering the cell is equal to the amount of water exiting the cell .

Answer 96

The amount of water entering the cell is greater than the amount of water exiting the cell .

Answer 97

Can occur; cell swells, ruptures and dies.

Answer 98

The process by which cells take in materials

Answer 99

The process in which cells take in solid matter

Answer 100

The process by which cells take in liquid matter

Answer 101

The process by which cells expels material, whether it is a solid or a liquid.

Answer 102

``` Nucleus clearly defined •Chromosomes not visible •Cell is preparing for mitosis •Mitosis – the cellular division of somatic cells •Consists of four stages ```

Answer 103

First stage of mitosis •Chromosomes become long and thin •Centrioles, aster rays, and spindle fibers appear during this stage •The nuclear envelope is initial intact, but eventually disappears •Toward the end of prophase, the chromosomes pair

Answer 104

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell •Spindle fibers attach to each side of the chromosomes •Centrioles and aster rays migrate to opposite poles of the cell

Answer 105

Chromosomes are pulled apart and migrate toward opposite poles of the cell •Cell shape begins to elongate as two cells begin to develop

Answer 106

Two daughter cells develop that are identical to the original parent cell •Spindle fibers and aster rays disappear •The nuclear envelop reforms •Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs •Karyokinesis (division of the nucleus)occurs

Answer 107

is the study of tissues; there are FOUR types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Answer 108

covers the body

Answer 109

Layers start at the BASEMENT MEMBRANE (which has a basal layer-top and a reticular fiber layer-bottom) which is the point of attachment for cells.

Answer 110

Only one layer of cells; all cells touch the basement membrane (check nuclei)

Answer 111

More than one layers of cells; not all cells touch the basement layer

Answer 112

Falsely” layered; all cells touch the basement membrane (check nuclei)

Answer 113

Squamous, cubiodal, columnar, transitional

Answer 114

Flat; look like “fried eggs” along basement membrane

Answer 115

Cube-shaped along basement membrane

Answer 116

Column or rectangular looking along basement membrane

Answer 117

Change shape up layers; understood it’s stratified so label it “transitional E.T.”

Answer 118

ADIPOSE (fat tissue) is most important to funeral student due to water content; we also discussed cartilage, bone, and blood.

Answer 119

Fat cells; so full of water that water pushes or flattens nucleus of cell to the side; this water produces a “secondary dilution” of arterial fluid in embalming process and could require a higher strength or concentration (index number) of embalming solute/solution; remember her drawing on the board and discussion regarding embalming a 300lb body vs. a 98lb body

Answer 120

Listed from most flexible (least visible muscle fibers) to least flexible (most visible muscle fibers/dense matrix).

Answer 121

Very flexible; ex. ribs in thoracic cavity or tip of nose

Answer 122

Medium flexibility; ex. external parts of ear (inner rim)

Answer 123

Least flexible; ex. pubic symphysis or joints (book says it acts as a “shock absorber”)

Answer 124

Ends of long bone (such as femur)

Answer 125

Shaft of long bone (such as femur)

Answer 126

The end of long bone where red blood cells are made via hematopoesis

Answer 127

Outer edge of long bones; contains Osteons ▪ The second diagram on page one of the handout deals with Osteons or compact bone, and she used an analogy to help remember parts: osteons look like tree ring/neighborhoodss and contain osteocytes (bone cells)/homes that are black dashes; lacunas/yards are the space around osteocytes/homes; osteocytes/homes are on lamellas (the space between concentric rings of osteons)/streets; canaliculi (cytoplasmic projections)/phone lines provide communication between osteocytes/homes; and the Haversian or central canal acts as the power source for the osteon/neighborhood.

Answer 128

Red blood cells; have NO nuclei and are bi-concave shaped; transport oxygen in the blood; most predominant cell seen in diagram

Answer 129

White blood cells; fight infection in the body

Answer 130

White blood cells; fight infection in the body ▪ Granulocytes: Can see the odd-shaped nuclei and granules inside cell (three types are eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil) ▪ Agranulocytes: Generally very large with a large singular nucleus (two types are lymphocyte and monocyte)

Answer 131

Platelets; cytoplasmic fragments that help blood coagulate/clot

Answer 132

There are three types of muscle tissue in the body (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac). They can be identified by 4 characteristics: striation (lines in tissue), voluntary vs. involuntary movement, how many nuclei are present, and whether tissue branches or not.

Answer 133

Attached to points on the skeleton, this is muscle that can be moved at will or voluntarily; it is striated; has multiple nuclei; and is unbranched

Answer 134

Muscle that line the majority of our hollow internal organs; cannot be moved at will so is involuntary; no striations/non-striated; mono-nucleated; unbranched

Answer 135

Muscle found only in the heart; involuntary; striated; mono-nucleated; branched; also has intercalated discs

Answer 136

* NEURON: Nerve cell * Soma: Cell body of a neuron * Nucleus: Center of soma; takes and sends impulses * Axon: Takes impulses away from soma (A=axon, A=away); long tail coming off soma * Axon Hillock: Region where soma and axon meet * Dendrites: Delivers impulses to the soma (D=dendrite, D=deliver); all along body of soma * Neurolinglial Cells: Small dots surrounding soma that nourish the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 137

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Answer 138

Most flexible

Answer 139

Moderately flexible

Answer 140

Least flexible

Answer 141

``` Voluntary •Striated •Multinucleated •Unbranched •Attached to the skeleton ```

Answer 142

``` Involuntary •Striated •Mononucleated •Branched •Intercalated discs separated each cardiac muscle cell ```

Answer 143

Involuntary •Non-striated •Mononucleated •Unbranched

Answer 144

A nerve cell

Answer 145

``` Axon •Dendrite •Soma •Axon hillock •Neuroglial cells ```

Answer 146

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 147

Creates widest portion of the neck; Anatomical guide for finding the carotid artery for arterial embalming; named for origin/insertion: origin—sternum and upper surface of clavicle, insertion—mastoid process

Answer 148

MASSETOR: Thick, flat quadrilateral muscle that raises and lowers jaw; origin—lower border of zygomatic arch, insertion—lateral surface of the mandible • TEMPORALIS: The largest and strongest muscle of mastication; fan-shaped and located above the ear; named for location: located over temporal bone

Answer 149

Trapezius, lavatory scapulae, pectoral is minor

Answer 150

Raises the bones of the pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae); origin—occipital bone/cervical and thoracic vertebrae, insertion—clavicle/spine/scapula; named for its shape: it’s a trapezoid

Answer 151

Named for its function: it raises the scapula; origin—cervical vertebrae, insertion—medial margin of scapula

Answer 152

Thin flat muscle that assists the pectoralis major (which moves the arm); raises ribs and pulls scapula forward and downward

Answer 153

Coracobrachialis , perctorialis major, latissimus Dorsi, deltoid, subscaplaris, infraspinatus, supraspinatus

Answer 154

Flexes and adducts arm; origin—scapula, insertion—shaft of humerus

Answer 155

Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm; origin—clavicle/sternum/ribs, insertion—humerus

Answer 156

Wings of the back;” named for location: on the dorsal side of the body; Mr. Jones (and swimmers) have nice definition in these muscles

Answer 157

Flexes, adducts, and extends arm; located at top of arm/shoulder; named for its shape: it’s a triangle

Answer 158

Rotates arm medially; named for location: located on the underside of scapula

Answer 159

Rotates arm laterally; named for location: located below the spine of scapula

Answer 160

Rotates arm laterally; named for location: located above the spine of scapula

Answer 161

Biceps brachii, brachialis , brachioradialis, triceps brachii

Answer 162

Rotates arm laterally and flexes elbow; named for divisions of attachment: two heads/bellies

Answer 163

Flexes elbow; named for location: located next to brachial vessel; origin—anterior shaft of humerus, insertion—ulna

Answer 164

Flexes elbow; Flexes elbow; named for location: located next to radius; origin—distal lateral end of humerus, insertion—lateral surface of radius

Answer 165

Extends elbow; named for divisions of attachment: three heads/bellies

Answer 166

Flexor carpi radialis, flexor Carib ulnar is, extensor digitorum

Answer 167

Reduce angle of wrist on thumb side (flexes wrist/abducts hand); its name gives away location and function (literally flexes carpals along radius)

Answer 168

Reduce angle of wrist on pinky side (flexes wrist/abducts hand); its name gives away location and function (literally flexes carpals along ulna)

Answer 169

Extends fingers; its name gives away function (literally extends digits)

Answer 170

External obique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, recuts add ominous, linea alba

Answer 171

Most superficial oblique muscle of abdomen; origin—lower ribs, insertion—iliac crest/linea alba; named for depth/ direction of fibers: external and oblique (diagonal)

Answer 172

Runs deep to the external oblique muscle of abdomen; origin—crest of ilium/inguinal ligament, insertion—cartilage of lower ribs/linea alba/pubis; named for depth/direction of fibers: internal and oblique (diagonal)

Answer 173

Deepest layer of abdominal muscle; origin—costal cartilage of lower ribs/lumbar vertebrae/iliac crest/inguinal ligament, insertion—linea alba/crest of pubis; named for direction of fibers/location: transverse (horizontal) and abdomen

Answer 174

Six pack” muscles; long strap-like muscles; origin—pubis, insertion—xiphoid process and costal cartilages; can compress abdomen and flex vertebrae

Answer 175

The aponeurosis that connects rectus abdominus; most medial aponeurosis of body

Answer 176

PSOAS MAJOR: [So-Es] anatomical landmark for finding the external iliac artery for arterial embalming (especially important in post-mort cases or if arterial system is compromised); origin—lumbar vertebrae, insertion—femur • GLUTEUS MAXIMUS: Largest and strongest muscle in the body; named for size: it’s big • GLUTEUS MINIMUS: Assists the gluteus maximus; named for size: it’s not big • ADDUCTOR BREVIS: Part of femoral triangle; named for function: adducts thigh; brevis means short • ADDUCTOR LONGUS: Part of femoral triangle; anatomical landmark for finding the femoral artery; named for function: adducts thigh; longus means long • ADDUCTOR MAGNUS: Part of femoral triangle; named for function: adducts thigh; magnus means large • GRACILIS: Most medial muscle along inside of thigh

Answer 177

SARTORIS: Strap-like muscle that crosses thigh from hip (lateral) to knee (medial) on anterior side of thigh HAMSTRING GROUP: The posterior set of muscles along the back of thigh; generally flex and rotate knee. • Biceps femoris: Named for divisions of attachment: two heads (biceps) along femur • Semitendinosus: Runs along medial surface of tibia • Semimembranosus: Runs along medial condyle of tibia QUADRICEPS GROUP: The anterior set of muscles along the front of thigh; generally extend knee. CHICKEN LEG. • Rectus femoris: Most anterior, superficial layer of muscle; like the first fleshy tear-drop of meat you bite off of a chicken leg • Vastus lateralis: Lateral side of the anterior portion of the thigh • Vastus medialis: Medial side of the anterior portion of the thigh • Vastus intermedius: Runs in-between (intermedial) the lateral and medial muscles on anterior muscle group, UNDER the rectus femoris; like the last bit of meat you strip off a chicken leg bone

Answer 178

leg. • TIBIALIAS ANTERIOR: Dorsiflexion (on heel) and inversion (toes inward) of foot; origin—tibia, insertion—tarsal; named for location: on anterior of tibia • GASTROCNEMIUS: Plantar flexion (on toes) of foot and flexes knee; has a laterial and medial head; forms calf with soleus; origin—condyles of femur, insertion—posterior surface of calcaneus • SOLEUS: Thick, fan-shaped muscle under gastrocnemis (forms calf with gastrocnemius); plantar flexion of foot; origin—head & shaft of fibula/posterior surface of tibia, insertion—posterior surface of calcaneous • PLANTARIS: Long strap-like muscle between soleus and gastrocnemis; named for function: plants foot; origin—femur, insertion—calcaneus; posterior to knee • TIBIALIS POSTERIOR: Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot; deepest of the muscles on the back of the leg (runs behind tibia); helps connect fibula and tibia to ankle bones • FIBULARIS LONGUS: Long, strap-like muscle on lateral side of leg; runs alongside fibula and connects bones via a tendon that passes the lateral malleolus 4

Answer 179

The Study of Joints

Answer 180

is an articulation (union) or two or more bones.

Answer 181

Sutures are only between flat bones of the skull where the broad margins of adjacent bones grow together and unite by a thin layer of dense connective tissue called a sutural ligament.

Answer 182

Only limited movement is possible. | ●Example - pubic symphysis and the sacro-iliac articulation

Answer 183

Synovial joints allow free movement and they are more complex structurally than fibrous or cartilaginous joints. ●Example - hip and shoulder(ball-and-socket), elbow and knee (hinge)

Answer 184

``` Support and protection ●Movement ●Bone cell formation (hematopoiesis) ●Inorganic salt storage ●Energy storage ```

Answer 185

Bones are classified according to their shape: ●Long bones consist of a shaft with two ends – Ex: femur, humerus ●Short bones are cube-like – Ex: carpals, tarsals ●Flat bones are thin and usually curved – Ex: sternum, most skull bones ●Irregular bones are not long, short, or flat. Ex: vertebrae ●Sesamoid bones develop within a tendon. Ex: patella

Answer 186

``` Skull (22 bones and 6 ear ossicles) ●Hyoid (1 bone) ●Vertebrae (26 bones) ●Sternum (1 bone) ●Ribs (24 bones) ```

Answer 187

Upper extremities and pectoral girdle (64 bones | ●Lower extremities and pelvic girdle (62 bones)

Answer 188

Articulates: ●Along the coronal suture with the parietal bones ●Parts of the frontal bone include: supraorbital margins, superciliary arches, glabella, frontal eminences, frontal sinuses

Answer 189

Articulates: ●Anteriorly with frontal bones at the coronal suture ●Posteriorly with the occipital bone at the lambdoidal suture ●Laterally with temporal bones at squamous suture; ●Between bones at sagittal suture

Answer 190

Articulates: ●With paired parietal bones along the lambdoidal suture ●Contains the foramen magnum (“large hole”) and the external occipital protuberance ●Occipital condyles - rounded processes on either side of foramen magnum which articulate with the first vertebra (atlas)

Answer 191

``` Articulates: ●Inferiorly to parietal bones at squamous suture (appropriately called the squamous portion) ●Petrous portion – ●Ear ossicles (6) ●Malleus (2) ●Incus (2) ●Stapes (2) ●Carotid canal ●Parts of the temporal bones: ●Zygomatic processes ●External auditory meatus ●Styloid processes ●Mastoid process ●Mandibular fossa ```

Answer 192

Butterfly shaped bone; spans the floor of the cranium ●Contains ●Sphenoid sinuses ●Sella turcica (supports the pituitary gland)

Answer 193

Complex shape; on either side of the nasal cavity ●Contains ●Ethmoid sinuses ●Cribiform plate ●Perpendicular plate (forms superior portion of the nasal septum) ●Crista galli (serves as attachment for the meninges)

Answer 194

Nasal bones (2) ●Form bridge of the nose •Lacrimal bones (2) ●Median walls of orbit •Zygomatic bones (2) ●Cheek bones; temporal process projects posteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic process of temporal bone •Maxillary bones (maxilla) 2 ●Upper jaw; contains the alveolar process and maxillary sinus •Palatine process (2) ●Posterior portion of the hard palate; contains the maxillary process

Answer 195

``` Vomer (1) ●Inferior portion of the nasal septum •Inferior nasal concha •Mandible (1) ●Lower jaw; composed of ●Body ●Alveolar process ●Mental protuberance ●Angle ●Ramus ```

Answer 196

``` Hyoid bone ●In neck, between lower jaw and larynx ●Supports tongue •Veterbral column ●Cervical vertebrae #1 – atlas ●Cervical vertebrae #2 – axis •Sternum ●Manubrium ●Body ●Xyphoid process ```

Answer 197

12 pair ●True ribs – upper 7 ●False ribs – remaining 5 ●Floating ribs – 11th and 12th pair (do not articulate anteriorly)

Answer 198

``` Clavicle (2) – collar bone •Scapula (2) – shoulder blade •Humerus (2) – upper arm bone •Radius (2) – forearm bone (thumb-side) •Ulna (2) – forearm bone (pinky-side) •Carpals (16) – wrist bones •Metacarpals (10) – hand •Phalanges (28) - fingers ```

Answer 199

Os coxa (2) ●Ilium: largest uppermost flaring portion ●Iliac crest – prominence of the hip; contains the acetabulum (articulates with the head of the femur); hole in each coxal bone is obturator foramen) ●Ischium: lowest, L-shaped portion ●Pubis: anterior portion ●Bladder rests upon it; articulates at the pubic symphsis •Femur (2) – thigh •Patella (2) – kneecap

Answer 200

Tibia (2) – shin bone ●note the location of the medidal malleolus (bulge of the ankle) •Fibula (2) – thin bone lateral to the tibia ●note the location of the lateral malleolus (lateral ankle bulge) •Tarsals (14) – ankle bones ●Talus – articulates with the tibia and fibula ●Calcaneus – heel bone •Metatarsals (10) – foot •Phalanges (28) – toes

Answer 201

Support and protection ▪ Movement: in conjunction with muscles ▪ Bone cell formation: Hematopoiesis or formation of erythrocytes/red blood cells in “spongy bone” at the end of cancellous or long bones ▪ Inorganic salt storage: Na, Ca, K, Mg stored in diaphysis/compact bone ▪ Energy storage: Epiphyseal plate marks transition from compact bone to spongy bone where fat or “yellow marrow” is stored

Answer 202

80 bones located in head, neck, torso

Answer 203

126 bones located in upper and lower extremities

Answer 204

Superior (top) half; 64 bones

Answer 205

Inferior (lower) half; 62 bones

Answer 206

LONG BONES: Shaft with two ends (ex. humerus, femur) o SHORT BONES: Cube like bones (ex. carpals in wrists, tarsals in ankle) o FLAT BONES: Thin and usually curved (ex. sternum, ribs, cranial bones) o IRREGULAR BONES: Not long, short, or flat (ex. vertebrae) o SESAMOID or ROUND BONES: Small and nodular, embedded in tendons, and articulate with joints (ex. patella)

Answer 207

The study of joints

Answer 208

An articulation (union) of two or more bones

Answer 209

Immovable joint; between flat bones of the skull where the broad margins of adjacent bones grow together and unite by a thin layer of connective tissue called a sutural ligament; ex. five (5) cranial sutures or fontanels, which do not seal/harden until between ages 19-25

Answer 210

Posterior to the frontal bone; anterior to parietal bones

Answer 211

Runs medial between parietal bones; anterior meets coronal suture/frontal bone; posterior meets lamboidal suture/occipital bone

Answer 212

One on both the right and the left, separating the parietal bone and the temporal bone

Answer 213

Posterior to the parietal bones; anterior to the occipital bone; perpendicular to the sagittal suture

Answer 214

Tendons: Attach muscle to bone ▪ Ligaments: Attach bone to bone, usually at a joint ▪ Aponeurosis: Attach muscle to muscle

Answer 215

Cavity in skull to reduce the weight of bone

Answer 216

Projection (ex. mastoid process)

Answer 217

Passageway (ex. external auditory meatus)

Answer 218

Shallow depression (ex. mandibular fossa)

Answer 219

Rounded process at the end of a bone, usually at the articular end (ex. mandibular condyle)

Answer 220

Eight (8) in total; need to know all eight; all flat except sphenoid and ethmoid

Answer 221

Articulates at coronal suture anterior to the parietal bones

Answer 222

Supraorbital margins: Roof of the eye orbit ▪ Superciliary arches: Where your eyebrows would be ▪ Glabella: Space between eyes; superior to nasal bones ▪ Frontal eminences: Superior to eyebrows; part of forehead ▪ Frontal sinuses: Located above each eye at the midline; reduce weight of skull

Answer 223

Articulates anteriorly with the frontal bone at the coronal suture; posteriorly with the occipital bone at the lamboidal suture; laterally at the temporal bones at the squamous suture; between right/left at the sagittal suture

Answer 224

Articulates with paired parietal bones along the lamboidal suture; spans the floor of skull Foramen magnum: “large hole;” where the inferior of brainstem connects to the spinal cord

Answer 225

Articulates inferiorly to parietal bones at squamous suture (on right and left)

Answer 226

Zygomatic processes: Projects anteriorly in region of external auditory meatus; joins temporal process/zygomatic bone to form prominence of cheek (zygomatic arch); height of cheekbones ▪ External auditory meatus: Near inferior of temporal bone; hole leads to interior of ear ▪ Styloid processes: Long, pointed projection on temporal bone; only portion of temporal bone unhelpful in restoration as it is to internal to be seen/felt ▪ Mastoid process: Rounded projection posterior to external ear where certain neck muscles attach ▪ Mandibular fossae: Depressions that articulate with the mandibular condyles

Answer 227

Butterfly or moth shaped bone in the anterior floor of the cranium; contains sinuses

Answer 228

Complex shaped bone located on either side of nasal cavity

Answer 229

Ethmoid sinuses: Reduce weight in skull ▪ Cribiform plate: Looks sponge-like because it has openings for sense of smell; this is region that is pierced during embalming process ▪ Perpendicular plate: Superior portion of the nasal septum ▪ Crista galli: (Cock’s comb) Triangular point along cribiform plate that is point of attachment for brain’s membranes

Answer 230

NASAL (2): Form bridge of the nose; one on each side; glabella is superior to nasal bones o ZYGOMATIC (2): “Cheek bones” (or ‘apple’ of cheek); right and left ▪ Temporal process: Projects posteriorly and articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone o MAXILLARY (2): Upper jaw (right/left); meets at bottom of eye, forms sides and floor of nasal cavity, and holds upper teeth o VOMER (1): Inferior portion of nasal septum (superior is the perpendicular plate); nose sits on top of vomer o MANDIBLE (1): The single movable bone of the face; lower jaw bone; contains all lower teeth ▪ Body: The greater width of the mandible (includes mental foramen) ▪ Ramus: Vertical portion of the mandible ▪ Angle: The anterior corners of the mandible ▪ Mandibular condyle: Superior posterior of the ramus; articulates with the mandibular fossa ▪ Coronoid process: Superior anterior of the ramus; provides point of attachment for chewing muscles ▪ Alveolar process: Ridges that hold lower teeth in place (also called dental alveoli)

Answer 231

Respiration which is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and body cells. Ventilation means breathing and must be considered at the five organization levels and associated tasks.

Answer 232

The organism takes a breath (inhales), which is ventilation.* o The organ system (nose, mouth, lungs) uses external respiration to move the air into the lungs.* o The organs (lungs) transport gases to cells by way of the bloodstream. o Tissue, in this case connective/blood, is involved in internal respiration which gets gases to red blood cells (RBCs). o Cells, in this case RBCs, exchange CO2 to O2 using cellular respiration.

Answer 233

Nose: External nares/nostrils; bone/ cartilage with internal hairs that filter the air you breathe in. o Nasal cavity: Hollow space behind nose; separated by the septum; bone/cartilage lined with mucous membranes that filter, warm, and moisten incoming air; conduct air to pharynx. o Sinuses: Sinuses are cavities that reduce the weight of the skull and serve as resonant chambers; located in the ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, and frontal bones of the skull. o Pharynx: “Throat;” nasopharynx, osopharynx, and laryngopharynx; wall of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membranes; passageway for air and food. o Larynx: “Voice box;” home of the vocal cords; sits superior to the trachea and the esophagus sits posterior to the trachea; glottis is the opening of the larynx and epiglottis is the flap that covers and closes the larynx when you swallow to keep food etc. out of airway; laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. o Trachea: “Windpipe;” located in the mediastinum extending from the larynx; looks a bit like a vacuum hose due to ridges of hyaline cartilage; anything above trachea is upper-respiratory, anything below is lower respiratory (basically lungs); origin of bronchi. o Bronchial Tree: Located in the lungs; levels (bifurcations) to know: 1. Primary bronchi-the first parts to enter the lungs; 2. Secondary bronchi-branch into each lobe; 3. Tertiary bronchioles; 4.Terminal bronchioles-end of the bronchiole tree; 5. Respiratory bronchioles-start of respiratory branches; 6. Alveolar duct-passageway; 7. Alveoli sac-surrounds alveoli, full of capillaries that make embalming easier; 8. Alveoli-primary sites of gas exchange in the respiratory system o Lungs: Right lung has three lobes (superior/upper, primary, and inferior/lower) and left has two lobes (superior/upper and inferior/lower) as well as the cardiac impression (room for the heart.

Answer 234

Elimination of wastes and fluids

Answer 235

Bean-shaped organ that helps to regulate blood pressure, forms urine, helps to regulate blood composition, and aids in balancing body’s pH (indirectly affects the body’s cardiovascular system); kidneys are retroperitoneal and the right kidney sits lower than the left due to its location inferior to the right lobe of the liver

Answer 236

Channels/tubes that allow urine to pass from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Answer 237

Hollow organ that is able to distend or expand and store urine; lined with smooth muscle and transitional cells which allow for its flexibility; in females, bladder sits just under the uterus

Answer 238

Allows urine to pass from urinary bladder to the outside of the body; longer in men than women

Answer 239

If you see these terms, you can be fairly certain they refer to the urinary system (kidneys)

Answer 240

Supplies oxygenated blood TO the kidney (arteries carry blood away from heart); meets the abdominal aorta

Answer 241

Sends blood back to the heart for oxygenation after filtering it (veins carry blood to the heart); meets the inferior vena cava

Answer 242

Can be seen in cross-cuts; structures of the kidney that contain nephrons where urine is produced

Answer 243

Smallest unit in kidney; where urine is produced

Answer 244

Kidney stone

Answer 245

Process by which kidney stones are formed

Answer 246

Precursor to uric acid which is main component of urine

Answer 247

Urea increases nitrogenous bases within urine and has a neutralizing effect on formaldehyde; ammonia (NH3) is a by-product that also neutralizes formaldehyde; increasing the strength of solution in some cases (ex. those who experienced renal failure) can keep it from being neutralized by ammonia

Answer 248

``` Urine is (or should be) 95% water (also contains urea and uric acid, as well as creatinine); pH can vary from 4.5 to 8 but 7.2 was described as “normal” in class lecture o pH scale: See below. 0-7: Acidic; 7: Neutral; 7-10: Alkaline/Basic. Vinegar is an ```

Answer 249

Pulmonary ventilation* = breathing; ●External respiration* = air into lungs; gas exchange (O2 load/ CO2 unload); air out; ●Transport of respiratory gases = gases in blood transported from lungs to body cells and back to lungs; ●Internal respiration = exchange of gases at body capillaries (O2 unload/CO2 load). ●Cellular respiration = use of oxygen by cells to produce energy (production of CO2). * Only these two portions are included in the respiratory system.

Answer 250

Nose external nares or nostrils , bone and cartilage with internal hairs traps large particles. Nasal cavity- bone and cartilage lined with mucous membrane and moistens incoming air .

Answer 251

Nasal conchae- superior , middle and inferior divide nasal cavity into a serine of groove-like passageways Pharynx- wall of skeletal muscle line with mucous membranes. Passageway for air and food Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Answer 252

Larynx( or voice box) Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis closes off the airway during swallowing. Two pairs of vocal folds Glottis= triangular slit; opening between two pairs of vocal cords Cricoid Cartilage= ring of hyaline cartilage attached to first ring of trachea; site of tracheotomy Trachea (windpipe- Location: mediastinum; anterior to esophagus; extends from larynx to T5 Structure: 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage + C-rings Function= support against collapse; continue to warm, moisten, and filter air.

Answer 253

``` Bronchial tree (witching lungs) Primary bronchus leads into each lung and then branches into secondary bronchi, which branch to each lobe and then branch into tertiary bronchi which each serve one of the 10 lobules ( bronchopulmonary segment) that divide into bronchioles which branch several times into tubes called terminal bronchioles . ```

Answer 254

Lungs | Location: thoracic cavity

Answer 255

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Answer 256

The kidneys which are positioned retroperitoneally lie on either side of the vertebral column, high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

Answer 257

* removal of metabolic wastes from the blood and excretion to the outside of the body * regulation of red blood cell production, blood pressure, calcium ion absorption, and the volume, composition, and pH of the blood

Answer 258

about 95% water * usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine * may contain trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes * volume varies with fluid intake and environmental factors

Answer 259

``` nephrons • collecting ducts • renal papillae • minor and major calyces • renal pelvis • ureters • urinary bladder • urethra • outside ```

Answer 260

``` 25 cm long • extend downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum • parallel to vertebral column • in pelvic cavity, join urinary bladder • wall of ureter • mucous coat • muscular coat • fibrous coat ```

Answer 261

hollow, distensible, muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis and inferior to the parietal peritoneum

Answer 262

tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 263

Central Nervous System and peripheral nervous system

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is the largest and most complex part. It has three parts: the cerebrum (largest part; “gray matter”), the cerebellum (posterior, inferior to the cerebrum, smaller portion), and the brain stem (comprised of—from top to bottom—the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata). ▪ The brainstem connects the brain and the spinal cord.

Answer 265

31 segments and, thus, 31 pairs of nerves.

Answer 266

Remember brain purge is creamy, white and/or pink when tinged with blood.

Answer 267

Ventricles

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that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The 1st and 2nd ventricles are in each cerebral hemisphere. The 3rd ventricle is anterior to the cerebellum. The 4th ventricle is located at most inferior portion of the cerebellum.

Answer 269

cover the entire brain and brain stem. It is composed of three layers: the dura mater (most superficial layer, very “dura”ble or tough); the arachnoid mater (looks like a web, blood supply source); and the pia mater (similar to saran wrap, deepest layer).

Answer 270

plural of sulcus) are the lines in the gray matter of the brain. Gyri (plural of gyrus) or convolutions are the mounds or bumps of the gray matter. ▪ The longitudinal fissure separates the hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 271

The lymphatic system is strongly correlated to immunity—going all the way back to chapter three with lymphocytes (monocytes) being agranular and “eating” disease in the body. The system distributes white blood cells to fight infection.

Answer 272

CERVICAL: neck o AXILLARY: under arms o THORACIC: thoracic cage o INGUINAL: Groin

Answer 273

o TONSILS (didn’t really discuss) o SPLEEN: Largest organ of the lymphatic system; shaped like a tongue. Inferior/posterior to the stomach. Due to the amount of infection it holds, it could be toxic if it ruptures. o THYMUS: This is where white blood cells originate (t-lymphocytes). Sits on top of the heart. The thymus is larger in infancy because infants have no exposure/immunity to anything. It is much smaller as you age/develop immunity.

Answer 274

is important to remember as the central location or the distribution center of the lymphatic system.

Answer 275

- consists of the brain and the spinal cord - brain is the largest and most complex portion - brain stem connects the brain and the spinal cord

Answer 276

Also known as encephalon

Answer 277

Cerebrum-largest part of the brain Cerebellum- posterior , smaller portion of the brain. Posterior and inferior to the cerebrum Brain stem- composed of the midbrain pons, and medulla oblongata. All attach the brain to the spinal cord.

Answer 278

Four cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 279

Composed of three layers Dura mater- outermost layer Arachnoid mater- middle layer Pita mater- innermost layer

Answer 280

Completely surrounds brain and spinal cord

Answer 281

Two functions: Center for spinal reflexes Sends nerve impulses to and from the brain Has 31 segments and each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

Answer 282

Consists of the nerves that branch from the CNS

Answer 283

Secrete substances into the internal environment, hormones secreted into the bloodstream.

Answer 284

Substances secreted into surrounding cells and act as “messengers” to the surface of the skin

Answer 285

Substances secreted into surrounding cells and act as “messengers” to stimulate the activity of those cells

Answer 286

Pituitary - brain Thyroid- throat Parathyroid- throat Suprarenals (adrenals)- superior to the kidneys. Gonads- reproductive organs Pancreatic islet (Lesley’s of Langerhans)- pancreas

Answer 287

Functions of the lymphatic system - transportation of interstitial fluids - fight infection

Answer 288

``` Accurately locate the following: Lymph vessels Cisterns chyli Thoracic ducts Right lymphatic duct ```

Answer 289

``` Lymph nodes Lymph organs Tonsils Spleen Thymus ```

Answer 290

produce urine, regulate blood pressure, and rid body of toxins. The smallest unit within the kidney is the nephron.

Answer 291

transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Answer 292

a hollow organ with the ability to distend that is responsible for the storage of urine until release. Lined with smooth muscle.

Answer 293

transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. The urethra is longer in men than in women.

Answer 294

takes blood from the kidney back to the heart while the renal artery brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidney.

Answer 295

The buildup of urea (which forms uric acid) in the tissues can lead to urine-like smell.

Answer 296

Urine has an excessive amount of nitrogenous waste material, especially ammonia. Ammonia neutralizes the effect of formaldehyde, thus it may be necessary to use an arterial solution that may have a higher index (strength) in a case that has had kidney complications to counteract the nitrogenous bases.

Answer 297

The formation of kidney stones is called nephrolithiasis, while kidney stones are known as nephroliths.

Answer 298

The endocrine system is responsible for secreting hormones. Hormones are chemicals that are released either into the bloodstream or to the outside of the body and are designed to carry out a particular function.

Answer 299

▪ Endocrine glands/organs – secrete directly into the bloodstream ▪ Exocrine glands/organs – secrete to outside of the body (sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands ▪ Heterocrine glands/organs – perform both endocrine and exocrine functions ie. the pancreas ▪ Autocrine glands – secrete hormones to activate themselves to perform specific function ▪ Paracrine glands – secrete to target cells which will in turn carry out specific functions

Answer 300

secrete directly into the bloodstream

Answer 301

secrete to outside of the body (sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

Answer 302

perform both endocrine and exocrine functions ie. the pancreas

Answer 303

secrete hormones to activate themselves to perform specific function

Answer 304

secrete to target cells which will in turn carry out specific functions

Answer 305

encephalon

Answer 306

Cerebellum

Answer 307

5) connects the brain to the spinal cord (8). The three parts of the brainstem are the midbrain (A), pons (B), and medulla oblongata (C)

Answer 308

3) are spaces is the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 309

4) sits at the base of the brain

Answer 310

sulci (2) (sulcus, singular) and the “bumps/humps” created by the lines are called gyri (1) (gyrus, singular) and can also be referred to as convolutions.

Answer 311

The lymphatic system works in conjunction with our immune system to help fight infection

Answer 312

``` ▪ Spleen (largest lymphatic organ) ▪ Lymph vessels ▪ Lymph nodes – the largest concentration located in the following: • Cervical (neck region) • Thoracic (chest) • Inguinal (groin) • Axillary (under the arm) ``` ▪ Lymph ▪ Tonsils ▪ Thymus (located atop the heart and is larger during infancy than adulthood)

Answer 313

where the muscle is attached to a fixed point

Answer 314

where the muscle is attached to a movable point

Answer 315

the fleshy portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion

Answer 316

attach muscles to other muscles

Answer 317

Action – levator palpebrae superioris •Number of heads/divisions of attachment– triceps brachii •Location – temporalis •Shape – trapezius •Origin and insertion – occipitofrontalis •Size – gluteus maximus •Direction of fibers – transverse abdominis •Superficial/deep – external oblique/internal oblique

Answer 318

Abduction | •Adduction

Answer 319

Pronation •Supination •Inversion •Eversion ``` Flexion •Extension •Hyperextension •Dorsiflexion •Plantar flexion ``` * Rotation * Circumduction

Answer 320

``` Occipitofrontalis (Epicranius) Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris Procerus Buccinator ```

Answer 321

Occipitofrontalis/Epicranius (1) •Named according to its origin and insertion/location (epicranius) •Two broad bellies of muscle are connected by an aponeurosis – galea aponeurotica •Occipitalis – draws scalp backward •Frontalis – when contracted, raises the eyebrows

Answer 322

Orbicularis oris •Round muscle that encircles the •Contraction closes the lips

Answer 323

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi •Levator labii superioris •Zygomaticus minor •Zygomaticus major •Contraction of this muscle draws the corners of the mouth in a superior direction •Also known as “the laughing muscle” because when contracted for long periods, the muscle can begin to ache Zygomaticus minor Contraction of this muscle draws the corners of the mouth in a superior direction •Also known as “the laughing muscle” because when contracted for long periods, the muscle can begin to ache

Answer 324

Buccinator •Also known as “the trumpeter’s muscle” •Located in the soft area of the cheek

Answer 325

Platysma •Broad, flat, and superficial •Upon contraction, lowers the jaw •Creates transverse furrows; platysmal sulci Sternocleidomastoideus •Measure the widest part of the neck •Origin – the sternum and the clavicle •Insertion – the lateral surface of the mastoid process •Upon contraction, pulls the head sideways

Answer 326

Temporalis | Masseter

Answer 327

Levator scapulae Trapezius Pectoralis minor

Answer 328

``` Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Fibularus longus Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris ```

Answer 329

* External oblique * Named according to being closer to the surface and the direction of the fibers * Internal oblique * Named according to being closer to the surface and the direction of the fibers * Transverse abdominis * Named according to being closer to the surface and the direction of the fibers * Rectus abdominis * Named according to location * Linea alba * Dense connective tissue that separates the rectal sheath

Answer 330

``` Flexor carpi ulnaris •Named according to action •Flexor carpi radialis •Named according to action •Extensor digitorum •Named according to action ```

Answer 331

``` Brachioradialis •Named according to origin and insertion •Brachialis •Named according to location •Biceps brachii •Named according to divisions of attachement •Triceps brachii •Named according to divisions of attachement ```

Answer 332

``` Coracobracialis •Deltoid •Named according to shape •Infraspinatus •Named according to location •Supraspinatus •Named according to location •Subscapularis •Named according to location •Pectoralis major •Broad, flat muscle of the chest that adducts the arm when contracted ```

Answer 333

``` Tibialis anterior •Named according to location •Tibialis posterior •Named according to location •Fibularus longus •Named according to location •Gastrocnemius •Calf muscle; two divisions of attachment •Soleus •Feather shaped muscle ```

Answer 334

Pulmonary ventilation, external reparation, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiratory, cellular respiration

Answer 335

Air into lungs; gas exchange (o2load/co2 unload); air out

Answer 336

Gases in blood transported from lungs to body cells and back to lungs

Answer 337

Exchange of gases at body capillaries ( o2 unload/co2 load)

Answer 338

Used of oxygen by cells to produce energy

Answer 339

* ventilation * external respiration * transport * internal respiration * cellular respiration

Answer 340

is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.

Answer 341

gas exchanges between the air and blood occur within the alveoli • alveolar pores allow air to pass from one alveolus to another

Answer 342

Breathing or ventilation is the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli • air movements of inspiration and expiration • changes in the size of the thoracic cavity due to changes in pressure

Answer 343

Air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

Answer 344

Part of face centered above the mouth and inferior to the space between the eyes Nostrils provide entrance to nasal cavity; internal hairs begin to filter incoming air

Answer 345

Hollow space behind nose Conducts air to pharynx; mucous lining filters, warms, and moistens incoming air

Answer 346

Hollow spaces in various bones of the skull Reduce weight of the skull; serve as resonant chambers

Answer 347

Chamber posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus

Answer 348

Enlargement at the top of the trachea Passageway for air; prevents foreign objects from entering tra- chea: houses vocal cords

Answer 349

Flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchial tree Passageway for air; mucous lining continues to filter air

Answer 350

Branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the aveol Conducts air to the alveoli; mucous lining continues to filter incoming air

Answer 351

Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity Contain the air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves or the lower respiratory tract

FNS 121 Final Exam Flashcards

(382 cards)