FNS

Question 1

Main Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 1

Sensory Input – gathers information through sensory receptors
Integration – processes that input and decides on an action
Motor Output – sends signals to muscles/glands to respond

Question 2

rest and digest

Answer 2

Parasympathetic

Question 3

fight or flight

Answer 3

Sympathetic

Question 4

excitable cells that transmit signals.

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

supporting cells that protect, nourish, and support neurons.

Answer 5

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 6

Neuroglia in CNS 4 types

Answer 6

astrocytes
microglial cells
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

Question 7

Most abundant.

Star-shaped

Answer 7

Astrocytes

Question 8

Astrocytes functions

Answer 8

Anchor neurons to blood supply

Clean up potassium and neurotransmitters

Help form synapses

Communicate via calcium waves and chemical messengers

Question 9

Small, with thorny processes.

Monitor neuron health.

If infection or injury occurs, they become phagocytes (like immune cells) who ?

Answer 9

2. Microglial Cells

Question 10

Line brain and spinal cord cavities.

Often ciliated.

Help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). who ?

Answer 10

ependymal cells

Question 11

fewer branches.

Wrap around CNS axons → form myelin sheaths (insulation for faster signals).

who ?

Answer 11

Oligodendrocytes

Question 12

Neuroglia in PNS (2 types)

Answer 12

Satellite Cells

Schwann Cells

Question 13

Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS.

Similar in function to astrocytes (support + nutrient exchange).

Answer 13

1. Satellite Cells

Question 14

Wrap around axons in the PNS.

Form myelin sheath (like oligodendrocytes do in CNS).

Help regenerate damaged peripheral nerves

Answer 14

Schwann Cells

Question 15

Astrocytoma

Answer 15

tumor from astrocytes

Question 16

Ependymoma

Answer 16

tumor from ependymal cells

Question 17

occurs in infections like meningitis

Answer 17

Microglial activation

Question 18

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 18

immune system attacks oligodendrocytes/myelin

Question 19

Schwannoma

Answer 19

PNS tumor from Schwann cells

Question 20

neurolemmocytes other name of who ?

Answer 20

schwann cells

Question 21

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 21

Nucleus

Question 22

A collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Answer 22

Ganglion

Question 23

A bundle of axons in the CNS

Answer 23

tract

Question 24

A bundle of axons in the PNS

Answer 24

Nerve

Question 25

Special Characteristics of neurons

Answer 25

Extreme Longevity Amitotic( cant regenerate ) High Metabolic Rate(They need constant supplies of oxygen and glucose.)

Question 26

wt organelles does the neuron cell body contain ?

Answer 26

Contains the spherical nucleus (with nucleolus) and cytoplasm

Question 27

Neuron cell bodies (not axons) have the organelles needed to synthesize proteins

Answer 27

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), free ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus. The rough ER, also called the chromatophilic substance Mitochondria cytoskeleton

Question 28

axon arises from who ?

Answer 28

axon hillock

Question 29

wt do we call long axons

Answer 29

nerve fibers

Question 30

wt do we call the branches in axons

Answer 30

axon collaterals

Question 31

where does the impulse starts ?

Answer 31

axon hillock( trigger zone)

Question 32

axon depends on who ?

Answer 32

cell body

Question 33

who has no ER OR OGLGI ?

Answer 33

axons

Question 34

in the anterograde transport the subs move from where to where and what gets moved ?

Answer 34

from the soma to the axon terminal

Question 35

wt gets moved from the soma to the aoxn terminal in the anterograde transport

Answer 35

mitochondria , cytoskeleton , vesicles and enzymes

Question 36

in retrograde transport the subs move from where to where ?

Answer 36

from axon terminal back to the soma

Question 37

in retrigrade transport wt gets moved ?

Answer 37

old organelles to recycle or destroy and signal molecules like growth factors

Question 38

anterograde uses which motor protein ?

Answer 38

kinesin

Question 39

retrogra uses which motor protein

Answer 39

dynein

Question 40

A fatty, white, layered covering around some axons.

Answer 40

myelin sheath

Question 41

function of mylein sheath

Answer 41

protects the axon , electrically insulates it and speeds up nerve impulse transmission

Question 42

who has myelin ?

Answer 42

only axons have myelin and dendrites are never myelinated

Question 43

myelin om PNS is made from wt ?

Answer 43

schwann cells

Question 44

wt do we c all theleftover part that dosent become the myelin ?

Answer 44

the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm.

Question 45

why is the myelin plasma membrane a good insulator ?

Answer 45

because it contains much less proteins and almost no ion channels so electricity dosent escape

Question 46

plasma membrane has a special proteins that stick the layers together wt is it called?

Answer 46

velcro

Question 47

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 47

tiny spaces between schwann cells

Question 48

If Schwann cells surround axons but don’t wrap them, they’re called

Answer 48

nonmyelinated

Question 49

Myelination in the CNS 🧠 Made by

Answer 49

Oligodendrocytes

Question 50

wt happens to the left over of schwan cells in cns ?

Answer 50

cytoplasm pushed back to the center

Question 51

wt are the three types pf neurons ?

Answer 51

multipolar neuron , bipolar neuron and unipolar neuron

Question 52

where is multipolar found

Answer 52

CNS

Question 53

Bipolar found where

Answer 53

Retina of eye, olfactory mucosa

Question 54

Unipolar found where

Answer 54

Sensory neurons in PNS

Question 55

Sensory Neurons (Afferent neurons) 🟢 What do they do

Answer 55

They carry information from the body to the brain/spinal cord