focus

Question 1

1 [singular] formal the way in which something is done or happens

Answer 1

manner of (doing) something
It seemed rather an odd manner of deciding things.
He felt some guilt over the manner of her death.
in a … manner
I had hoped you would behave in a more responsible manner.
The issue will be resolved in a manner that is fair to both sides.

Question 2

a member of an all-male religious group that lives apart from other people in a monastery → nun

Answer 2

monk
monkish
• Each monk received good clothing, although bathing took place only irregularly unless they were ill.

Question 3

1 not well known and usually not very important

Answer 3

obscure/əbˈskjʊə 
 an obscure poet
 The details of his life remain obscure.
 difficult to understand
 obscure legal phrases
 For some obscure reason, the group is very popular.
مبهم، تیره، تاره

Question 4

1 SPEED OF EVENTS/CHANGES [singular] the speed at which something happens or is done

Answer 4

pace
pace of
The pace of change in our lives is becoming faster and faster.
at a steady/slow etc pace
Public spending continues to rise at a steady pace.

Question 5

1 [countable] a sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure, or the thing that makes you feel this

Answer 5

thrill
Winning first place must have been quite a thrill.
the thrill of (doing) something (=the excitement you get from something)
the thrill of travelling at high speeds

Question 6

1 extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings

Answer 6

frantic/ˈfræntɪk
get/become frantic
There was still no news of Jill, and her parents were getting frantic.
frantic with
Your mother’s been frantic with worry wondering where you’ve been.

Question 7

1 the belief that it is good to buy and use a lot of goods and services – often used to show disapproval

Answer 7

consumerism/kənˈsuːmərɪzəm

the growth of consumerism

Question 8

lie in the field of

Answer 8

the answer lies in the field of psychology

Question 9

1 [uncountable] the habit of allowing yourself to do or have whatever you want, or allowing someone else to do or have whatever they want → self-indulgence at self-indulgent
2 [countable] something that you do or have for pleasure, not because you need it

Answer 9

indulgence/ɪnˈdʌldʒəns
An occasional glass of wine was his only indulgence.
3 [uncountable] formal willingness to ignore someone’s faults or weaknesses
a spirit of indulgence and forgiveness

Question 10

1 [uncountable] calm sensible controlled behaviour, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm SYN self-control

Answer 10

restraint
The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.
show/exercise restraint
He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint.

Question 11

1 an act of interfering

Answer 11

interference/ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns
I resent his interference in my work.
Industrial relations should be free from state interference.
2 unwanted noise on the radio, television, or on the telephone, or faults in the television picture

Question 12

a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual

Answer 12

recession/rɪˈseʃən
the economic recession of the early 1980s
There is deep recession in the UK.
into/out of recession
attempts to pull the country out of recession

Question 13

get on

Answer 13

perform or make progress in a specified way.

“how are you getting on in your new job?”

Question 14

to leave a place:

to leave your home in order to spend time somewhere else, usually for a holiday:

Answer 14

go away
Go away and leave me alone!
We usually go away for the summer.

Question 15

atheism/eɪθi-ɪzəm

Answer 15

the belief that God does not exist
atheist
atheistic

Question 16

he is being selfish

Answer 16

he is being = he is behaving at the moment

he is being selfish, he is behaving selfishly at the moment

Question 17

rivers … to the sea

Answer 17

flow

Question 18

if something …….., or if you ………it, it breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so that its contents come out

Answer 18

burst
The pipes had burst and the house was under two feet of water.
ترکیدن
to move somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place
burst into/through/in etc
Jo burst into the room.
پریدن ، جهیدن، حرکت سریع کردن

Question 19

if a river ………….., water from it goes onto the land

Answer 19

burst its banks

• Residents were evacuated from the town as the waters rose and the Ouse threatened to burst its banks.

Question 20

capsize

Answer 20

if a boat capsizes, or if you capsize it, it turns over in the water
• There, in theory, it would be safe and the weight would help stabilise the raft and prevent a capsize.

Question 21

If you ……….., you arrange the sheets and blankets on it so someone can sleep there.

Answer 21

make the bed

The chambermaid made the bed with fresh sheets.

Question 22

a) to rub a surface with something in order to remove dirt, liquid etc

Answer 22

wipe
Wipe the table with a damp cloth.
Bill wiped his eyes (=wiped the tears from his face) and apologized.
He pulled a handkerchief from his pocket and wiped his nose.

Question 23

زمین شوی و سطل

Answer 23

mop and bucket

wash the floors with a mop and bucket

Question 24

1 [intransitive, transitive] to clean the dust from a surface by moving something such as a soft cloth across it

Answer 24

dust

Question 25

metropolis

Answer 25

mɪˈtrɒpəlɪs a very large city that is the most important city in a country or area The city has become a huge, bustling metropolis.

Question 26

bustling

Answer 26

ˈbʌsəlɪŋ a bustling place is very busy Even the bustling atmosphere of the 550 building itself seemed not to have invaded the Hugo Varna floor.

Question 27

something that makes a place comfortable or easy to live in

Answer 27

amenity/ /əˈmiːnəti $ əˈme-/ The hotel is in the city centre, close to shops and local amenities. houses that lack basic amenities (=basic things that people need, such as heat and running water)

Question 28

when other people do not know who you are or what your name is

Answer 28

anonymity/ˌænəˈnɪməti

Question 29

1 a .............. place has people from many different parts of the world –

Answer 29

cosmopolitan a vibrant cosmopolitan city a lively hotel with a cosmopolitan atmosphere

Question 30

1 the problem of too much traffic in a place

Answer 30

Councillors are looking at ways to reduce traffic congestion in the town centre.

Question 31

exorbitant

Answer 31

an exorbitant price, amount of money etc is much higher than it should be SYN astronomical exorbitant rent/prices etc exorbitant rates of interest • It's a nice hotel, but the prices are exorbitant.

Question 32

lenient

Answer 32

ˈliːniənt not strict in the way you punish someone or in the standard you expect the lenient sentences handed down by some judges School examiners say that marking has become more lenient in recent years.

Question 33

to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc

Answer 33

argue that Croft argued that a date should be set for the withdrawal of troops. It could be argued that a dam might actually increase the risk of flooding. argue for/against (doing) something Baker argued against cutting the military budget. She argued the case for changing the law. استدلال کردن، دلیل آوردن

Question 34

a connection between two ideas, facts etc, especially when one may be the cause of the other

Answer 34

correlation/ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən correlation between a strong correlation between urban deprivation and poor health strong/high/close/significant etc correlation There is a direct correlation between the best-known brands and the best-selling brands.

Question 35

1 time when you are not working or studying and can relax and do things you enjoy

Answer 35

leisure/ ˈliːʒər | Most people now enjoy shorter working hours and more leisure time.

Question 36

1 very busy or full of activity

Answer 36

hectic/ˈhektɪk I’ve had a pretty hectic day. a hectic social life

Question 37

prosperity

Answer 37

prɒˈsperəti when people have money and everything that is needed for a good life a time of economic prosperity the future prosperity of the country

Question 38

engagement

Answer 38

ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt 1 BEFORE MARRIAGE [countable] an agreement between two people to marry, or the period of time they are engaged Their engagement was announced in the paper. 3 INVOLVEMENT [uncountable] when you become involved with someone or something in order to understand them engagement with/in a strategy of engagement and cooperation with China Many students pass without any real engagement in learning.

Question 39

relevant

Answer 39

Word family (noun) relevance ≠ irrelevance (adjective) relevant ≠ irrelevant (adverb) relevantly ≠ irrelevantly directly relating to the subject or problem being discussed or considered OPP irrelevant Relevant documents were presented in court. We received all the relevant information. relevant to What experience do you have that is relevant to this position

Question 40

in the same way SYN similarly

Answer 40

likewise Nanny put on a shawl and told the girls to do likewise. The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.

Question 41

1 relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind

Answer 41

spiritual ˈspɪrətʃuəl Painting helps fill a spiritual need for beauty. spiritual values ˈspɪrətʃuəl/ ●●○ W3 adjective 1 relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind Painting helps fill a spiritual need for beauty. spiritual values ► see thesaurus at religious 2 relating to religion SYN religious Islam was inspired by the teachings of the spiritual leader Mohammed

Question 42

1 [countable, uncountable] a statement in which someone complains about something

Answer 42

complaint/kəmˈpleɪnt If you wish to make a complaint, you should see the manager. The sales assistants are trained to deal with customer complaints in a friendly manner. complaint about Keating was dismissed after complaints about the quality of his work. complaint of complaints of police brutality complaint from/to complaints from local residents a complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority complaint against All complaints against police officers are carefully investigated. complaint that We are concerned by complaints that children are being bullied.

Question 43

1 a serious argument or disagreement

Answer 43

dispute/ˈdɪspjuːt dispute with The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company. dispute over He got into a dispute over a taxi fare. dispute between the bitter border dispute between the countries

Question 44

1 the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way

Answer 44

Word family (noun) discrimination (adjective) discriminatory (verb) discriminate discrimination laws to prevent discrimination discrimination against widespread discrimination against older people in the job market discrimination in favour of discrimination in favour of university graduates racial/sex/religious etc discrimination (=treating someone unfairly because of their race, sex etc)

Question 45

1 [uncountable] a system of government in which every citizen in the country can vote to elect its government officials

Answer 45

democracy/dɪˈmɑː a return to democracy after 16 years of military rule a country that has a government which has been elected by the people of the country a parliamentary democracy Western democracies Word family (noun) democracy democrat democratization (adjective) democratic ≠ undemocratic (verb) democratatize (adverb) democratically ≠ undemocratically

Question 46

democratize

Answer 46

to change the way in which a government, company etc is organized, so that it is more democratic democratize/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪz democratization/dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃən

Question 47

1 [transitive] to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time SYN encourage, promote

Answer 47

foster/ˈfɑːstər The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all classes. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to take someone else’s child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent → adopt The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering.

Question 48

1 relating to your money, possessions, living conditions etc, rather than the needs of your mind or soul OPP spiritual

Answer 48

material goods/possessions/wealth etc The spiritual life is more important than material possessions. a society that places high importance on material rewards 4 formal important and having a noticeable effect OPP immaterial material changes to the schedule

Question 49

very much

Answer 49

vastly This book is vastly superior to his last one. vastly different opinions

Question 50

"at the expense of"

Answer 50

The expression at the expense of means "in a way that harms (something or someone)." Here are some examples in context: Malls flourished at the expense of small stores downtown.

Question 51

1 DAMAGE [transitive] to have a bad effect on something so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful etc SYN ruin

Answer 51

spoil1 ruin The whole park is spoiled by litter. We didn’t let the incident spoil our day. I don’t want to spoil your fun. Why do you always have to spoil everything?

Question 52

1 MAKE SOMETHING CONTINUE to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time SYN maintain

Answer 52

sustain Word family (noun) sustenance sustainability (adjective) sustainable ≠ unsustainable (verb) sustain She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest. He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women. the policies necessary to sustain economic growth

Question 53

sustenance

Answer 53

ˈsʌstənəns 1 food that people or animals need in order to live Without sustenance, the animals will soon die. Potatoes were their only means of sustenance. 2 when something is made to continue Elections are necessary for the sustenance of democracy.

Question 54

acute/əˈkjuːt

Answer 54

1 PROBLEM an acute problem is very serious The housing shortage is more acute than first thought. 2 FEELING an acute feeling is very strong acute pain acute embarrassment acute anxiety

Question 55

1 to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first

Answer 55

prioritize/praɪˈorətaɪz You need to prioritize your tasks. 2 to deal with one thing first, because it is the most important The public wants to see the fight against crime prioritized.

Question 56

1 quickly and easily

Answer 56

readily/ˈredəli Boats are readily available to visitors. The information is readily accessible on the Internet.

Question 57

a particular type of land

Answer 57

terrain teˈreɪn rocky terrain

Question 58

conservationist

Answer 58

ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃənɪst | someone who works to protect animals, plants etc or to protect old buildings

Question 59

preservationist

Answer 59

ˌprezəˈveɪʃənɪst | someone who works to prevent historical places, buildings etc from being destroyed

Question 60

the substance or essence of a speech or text.

Answer 60

she noted the gist of each message | le point principal

Question 61

keep a record/account/diary etc

Answer 61

to regularly record written information somewhere • A relaxed regime of visiting the lavatory after each main meal and at bedtime is established with the parents keeping a record. • Each day we are to keep a diary.

Question 62

1 a scientific test done to find out how something reacts under certain conditions, or to find out if a particular idea is true

Answer 62

experiment with/in/on experiments with alcohol-fuelled cars experiments on sleep deprivation

Question 63

the lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy

Answer 63

deprivation/ˌdeprəˈveɪʃən Sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders. Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation. the deprivations of prison life

Question 64

a child who has no brothers or sisters

Answer 64

an only child | • I was brought up by adoptive parents as an only child.

Question 65

about or concerning

Answer 65

documents relating to immigration laws • The less tangible effects of the Senate bill will come from the provisions relating to jobs and social services for immigrants.

Question 66

1 end argument [intransitive, transitive] to end an argument or solve a disagreement

Answer 66

settle settle a dispute/lawsuit/conflict/argument etc Rodman met with Kreeger to try and settle the dispute over his contract. We hope the factions will be able to settle their differences (=agree to stop arguing) by peaceful means. Forensic tests should settle the question of whether Bates was actually present at the scene of the crime.

Question 67

dictate the terms

Answer 67

• The state will always dictate the terms of the relationship.

Question 68

1 firm hold [countable usually singular] the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to do this

Answer 68

grip Hold the microphone in a firm grip and keep it still. She felt her wrist caught in a vice-like grip. Don’t loosen your grip on the rope or you’ll fall. 2 power [singular] power and control over someone or something have/keep a grip on something Stalin’s determination to keep an iron grip on Eastern Europe

Question 69

contrary

Answer 69

on‧tra‧ry1 /ˈkɒntrəri $ ˈkɑːntreri/ ●●○ AWL noun 1 → on the contrary/quite the contrary 2 → evidence/statements etc to the contrary • On the contrary, it liberated us.• On the contrary, they were getting better all the time.• He may also have kept the stewardship of Tottington and Rochdale, in spite of Edward's orders to the contrary.

Question 70

willing to consider new ideas or listen to someone else’s opinions

Answer 70

receptive/rɪˈseptɪv ou might find them in a more receptive mood tomorrow. a receptive audiencereceptive to a workforce that is receptive to new ideas

Question 71

to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard

Answer 71

ac‧com‧plish /əˈkʌmplɪʃ $ əˈkɑːm-, əˈkʌm-/ ●○○ verb [transitive] We have accomplished all we set out to do. Mission accomplished (=we have done what we intended to do).

Question 72

to make a great effort to achieve something

Answer 72

strive strive to do something I was still striving to be successful.strive for/after We must continue to strive for greater efficiency.► see thesaurus at try

Question 73

trivial

Answer 73

ˈtrɪviəl trivial problem/matter/complaint etc We were punished for the most trivial offences. a trivial sum Her feelings for Simon seemed trivial by comparison.

Question 74

an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true SYN theory

Answer 74

hypothesis hypothesis Word family (noun) hypothesis (adjective) hypothetical (verb) hypothesize (adverb) hypothetically One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.prove/test/support etc a hypothesis We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis.hypothesis about The authors reject the hypothesis about unemployment contributing to crime.

Question 75

1 when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make

Answer 75

speculation/ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən | speculation that There is speculation that the president is ill.speculation about/on speculation about the future

Question 76

1 if two or more people get along, they have a friendly relationship

Answer 76

``` get along phrasal verb 1 if two or more people get along, they have a friendly relationship We’ve always got along quite well. with They seem to get along with each other. ```

Question 77

1 [countable, uncountable] the opinions and feelings that you usually have about something, especially when this is shown in your behaviour

Answer 77

attitude/ˈætɪttuːd As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed. attitude to/towards The people have a very positive attitude to life. an attitude of mind British English (=a way of thinking) Being young is simply an attitude of mind. somebody has an attitude problem (=someone is not helpful or pleasant to be with) Some of the male students have a real attitude problem.

Question 78

risk-taking

Answer 78

• The culture in Silicon Valley values risk-taking and entrepreneurship.

Question 79

entrepreneur/ɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr

Answer 79

someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks —entrepreneurship noun [uncountable] Once again private entrepreneurship has not waited for government to take the initiative.

Question 80

1 to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse OPP improve

Answer 80

aggravate/ˈæɡrəveɪt Their money problems were further aggravated by a rise in interest rates. Building the new road will only aggravate the situation. 2 to make someone angry or annoyed SYN irritate What really aggravates me is the way she won’t listen.

Question 81

1 giving all your attention to what is happening, being said etc

Answer 81

alert/əˈlɜːt The animal raised its head, suddenly alert. Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures. 2 able to think quickly and clearly Jack was as mentally alert as a man half his age. 1 to officially warn someone about a problem or danger so that they are ready to deal with it The school immediately alerted the police. warn

Question 82

1 very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept SYN strange

Answer 82

alien/ˈeɪliən 1 very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept SYN strange the alien environment of the city 2 belonging to another country or race SYN foreign alien cultures

Question 83

1 British English someone whose job is to look after a building, especially a school SYN janitor American English

Answer 83

caretaker 2 someone who looks after a house or land while the person who owns it is not there 4 American English someone who looks after other people, especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc SYN carer British English • Apparently she accepted that she was the primary caretaker of her children and the linchpin of family life.

Question 84

executive/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv

Answer 84

1 a manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions a marketing executive senior/top executive top executives on high salaries → Chief Executive 3 British English a group of people who are in charge of an organization and make the rules the union’s executive

Question 85

1 [transitive] to make someone decide to do something

Answer 85

prompt prompt somebody to do something What prompted you to buy that suit? 2 [transitive] to make people say or do something as a reaction The decision prompted an outcry among prominent US campaigners. 1 done quickly, immediately, or at the right time Prompt action must be taken. Prompt payment is requested.

Question 86

likely or able to be changed in the future

Answer 86

provisional prəˈvɪʒənəl a provisional government We accept provisional bookings by phone.

Question 87

1 (also prune something ↔ back) to cut off some of the branches of a tree or bush to make it grow better

Answer 87

prune/pruːn The roses need pruning. 2 especially British English to make something smaller by removing parts that you do not need or want The company is pruning staff in order to reduce costs.

Question 88

1 [intransitive, transitive] to practise or make people practise something such as a play or concert in order to prepare for a public performance

Answer 88

rehearse/rɪˈhɜːs I think we need to rehearse the first scene again. The band was rehearsing for their world tour. 2 [transitive] to practise something that you plan to say to someone She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.

Question 89

a situation in which there is a lot of damage or a lack of order, especially so that it is difficult for something to continue in the normal way SYN chaos

Answer 89

havoc/ˈhævək A strike will cause havoc for commuters. policies that would wreak havoc on the country’s economy Rain has continued to play havoc with sporting events.

Question 90

play havoc with

Answer 90

play havoc with | • They also play havoc with your skin and it tends to get a bit sweaty under all the make-up I have to wear.

Question 91

circadian

Answer 91

sɜːˈkeɪdiən relating to a period of 24 hours, used especially when talking about changes in people’s bodies the body’s circadian rhythm

Question 92

1 needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill

Answer 92

``` demanding Word family (noun) demand demands (adjective) demanding ≠ undemanding (verb) demand ``` a demanding job physically/emotionally/intellectually etc demanding Climbing is physically demanding.

Question 93

done in order to find out more about something

Answer 93

exploratory Word family (noun) exploration explorer (adjective) exploratory unexplored (verb) explore He’s going to have exploratory surgery on his knee.

Question 94

1 [uncountable] the quality of being very careful to avoid danger or risks → cautious

Answer 94

with caution We must proceed with extreme caution. The physician must exercise caution when prescribing antidepressants.

Question 95

carbohydrate

Answer 95

ˌkɑːrboʊ 1 [countable, uncountable] a substance that is in foods such as sugar, bread, and potatoes, which provides your body with heat and energy and which consists of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon 2 [countable usually plural] foods such as rice, bread, and potatoes that contain carbohydrates

Question 96

one of several natural substances that exist in food such as meat, eggs, and beans, and which your body needs in order to grow and remain strong and healthy

Answer 96

protein | ˈprəʊtiːn $ ˈproʊ

Question 97

to begin to do something:

Answer 97

take up something | I’m not very good at golf – I only took it up recently.

Question 98

the way you earn money in order to live

Answer 98

a means/source of livelihood Fishing is the main source of livelihood for many people in the area. It’s difficult to earn a livelihood as an artist. Bates says he will lose his livelihood if his driving licence is taken away. livelihood Word family (noun) liveliness living livelihood (adjective) live lively living liveable (verb) live outlive relive liven up (adverb) live

Question 99

the emotional part of someone’s character, especially how likely they are to be happy, angry etc

Answer 99

temperament artistic/nervous/good etc temperament Jill has such a lovely relaxed temperament. by temperament Tolkien was, by temperament, a very different man from Lewis.

Question 100

interested only in yourself and the things that affect you

Answer 100

Teenagers always seem so self-absorbed. self-absorbed • Sometimes the self-absorbed child also shows little interest in his parents, ignoring them or seeming not to focus on them. خود شیفته

Question 101

out of sorts

Answer 101

feeling a little ill or upset | Louise went back to work feeling rather out of sorts.

Question 102

put into practice

Answer 102

To carry out or commence doing something that had heretofore only been discussed, suggested, or planned. We've decided to put your ideas into practice for the next meeting. I've been putting that technique you showed me into practice during my training sessions.

Question 103

1 the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden

Answer 103

motive What do you suppose the killer’s motive was? motive for (doing) something The police believe the motive for this murder was jealousy. motive behind The motives behind the decision remain obscure.

Question 104

the lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy

Answer 104

deprivation Sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders. social/economic/emotional etc deprivation Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation. deprivation of the deprivations of prison life

Question 105

relating to or using your senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, or touch

Answer 105

sensory stimuli such as music | sensory deprivation

Question 106

not broken, damaged, or spoiled

Answer 106

intact Only the medieval tower had remained intact. His reputation survived intact.

Question 107

1 [intransitive] to talk about something in a very interested or excited way

Answer 107

enthuse enthuse about/over Rick was there, enthusing about life in Australia. 2 [transitive] to make someone interested in something or excited by it be enthused by/with something The owners were certainly enthused by the offer.

Question 108

1 [only before noun] doing something from habit, and unable to stop doing it

Answer 108

``` habitual Word family (noun) habit habitué (adjective) habitual (verb) habituate (adverb) habitually ``` habitual criminal/offender habitual drinker/smoker/gambler 2 done as a habit that you cannot stop His drinking had become habitual.

Question 109

1 if pain or the effect of something ...., it gradually stops

Answer 109

wear off The effects of the anaesthetic were starting to wear off. 2 the novelty wears off used to say that you stop feeling interested or excited about something because it is no longer new It was funny for a while but the novelty soon wore off.

Question 110

1 someone who seems to be the leader of a country or organization but who has no real power → puppet

Answer 110

figurehead | The Queen is merely a figurehead.

Question 111

pick up an accent

Answer 111

During his stay in England, he had picked up an English accent. lose your accent (=no longer speak with an accent) After 9 years in London, Ben had lost his French accent. put on an accent (=deliberately speak with a different accent from your usual one) When Mum’s on the phone, she puts on a funny accent. ``` a strong/broad/thick/pronounced accent (=very noticeable) She spoke with a strong Scottish accent. a broad Australian accent a slight/faint accent He has a very slight accent. ```

Question 112

convenient

Answer 112

convenient Word family (noun) convenience ≠ inconvenience (adjective) convenient ≠ inconvenient (verb) inconvenience (adverb) conveniently ≠ inconveniently 1 useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems OPP inconvenient Mail-order catalogs are a convenient way to shop. My secretary will call you to arrange a convenient time to meet. convenient for Is three o'clock convenient for you? convenient to do something It is simple and convenient to use. close and easy to reach OPP inconvenient The bus stop around the corner is probably the most convenient.

Question 113

1 to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation

Answer 113

cope Sometimes I find it hard to cope. He coped quite well as manager while still captaining the team. cope with She feared she wouldn’t be able to cope with two new babies. Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness. 2 if a system or machine copes with a particular type or amount of work, it does it cope with No system is designed to cope with the floods we have had this year. My computer can cope with huge amounts of data.

Question 114

a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language → accent

Answer 114

dialect/ˈdaɪəlekt Chinese/Yorkshire etc dialect The people up there speak a Tibetan dialect. the local dialect

Question 115

1 an ........ quality or ability is something you are born with

Answer 115

innate/ˌɪˈneɪt Children have an innate ability to learn language. ذاتی ، مادرزادی

Question 116

instead of

Answer 116

rather than I think you’d call it a lecture rather than a talk. Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first? Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.

Question 117

1 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc – usually used to show approval

Answer 117

consistent/kənˈsɪstənt She’s the team’s most consistent player. consistent in We need to be consistent in our approach. نامتناقض، استوار، ثابت قدم firm Cal replied with a polite but firm ‘no’. What this country needs is firm leadership.

Question 118

minority

Answer 118

məˈnɑː a small group of people or things within a much larger group OPP majority Gaelic is still spoken in Ireland by a minority. minority of Only a minority of people supported these new laws. Gay men are a small but significant minority.

Question 119

majority

Answer 119

məˈdʒɑː 1 MOST PEOPLE OR THINGS [singular] most of the people or things in a group OPP minority The majority of workers find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they earn. The majority of workers find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they earn. great/vast/overwhelming majority of something (=almost all of a group) In the vast majority of cases the disease is fatal. be in the majority (=form the largest group) In this city, Muslims are in the majority.

Question 120

proportion

Answer 120

prəˈpɔːʃən proportion (adjective) proportional proportionate (verb) proportion (adverb) proportionally proportionately a part of a number or an amount, considered in relation to the whole The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years. Every parent is asked to contribute a proportion of the total cost. high/large/small etc proportion The decision affects a significant proportion of the population.

Question 121

to believe that

Answer 121

be of the opinion that | People seemed to be of the opinion that the evening's drama was best viewed as part of the fun.

Question 122

to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from something

Answer 122

derive something from something Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique. derive pleasure/enjoyment etc Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course. derives more benefits that drawbacks

Question 123

if a solid ........., or if you ........ it, it mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it

Answer 123

Stir until the sugar dissolves. dissolve in Sugar dissolves in water. dissolve something in something Dissolve the tablet in water. 2 END [transitive] to formally end a parliament, business arrangement, marriage etc The monarch had the power to dissolve parliament. gradually become smaller or weaker before disappearing, or to make something do this to gradually become smaller or weaker before disappearing, or to make something do this Her enthusiasm dissolved his shyness. A few clouds formed briefly before dissolving again.

Question 124

monarch/ˈmɒnɑːrk/

Answer 124

monarchic /məˈnɑːkɪk / the old monarchical system a king or queen

Question 125

parliament/ˈpɑːləmənt /

Answer 125

1 [countable] the group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important national affairs → government, MP They demanded a free parliament and press. be elected to parliament She was elected to parliament in 1997. stand for parliament (=try to be elected) Ms Jackson stood for Parliament as a Labour candidate. enter/get into parliament (=be elected as a member of parliament) Tony Blair first entered Parliament in 1983. be returned to Parliament (=be elected) Creevey was returned to Parliament as MP for Appleby. a bill is passed by parliament (=it is made into a law) The bill was passed by Parliament last May. a bill goes through parliament (=it goes through the process of being made a law) The bill is currently going through Parliament. go before/be put before parliament (=be considered by parliament) The Bill goes before Parliament on November 16. dissolve parliament formal (=officially end parliament before holding an election) The prime minister will ask the Queen to dissolve Parliament and call an election.

Question 126

1 probably not honest, true, right etc

Answer 126

dubious/ˈduː- The firm was accused of dubious accounting practices. Many critics regard this argument as dubious or, at best, misleading. not sure whether something is good or true SYN doubtful I can see you are dubious; take some time to think about it. dubious about Some universities are dubious about accepting students over the age of 30 dubiously adverb —dubiousness.

Question 127

a plan, idea, or method that is ...... is possible and is likely to work SYN possible

Answer 127

a feasible solution economically/technically/politically etc feasible It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open. feasibly adverb —feasibility

Question 128

to move something with a quick sudden movement so that it is in a different position

Answer 128

He flipped the top off the bottle and poured himself a drink. flip over He flipped the paper over and started writing on the back. to make a flat object such as a coin go upwards and turn over in the air SYN toss We flipped a coin to see who would go first.

Question 129

1 FIRE [countable] a very small piece of burning material produced by a fire or by hitting or rubbing two hard objects together

Answer 129

spark sparks from the fire The scrape of metal on metal sent up a shower of sparks.

Question 130

to be the cause of something, especially trouble or violence SYN provoke

Answer 130

spark spark something ↔ off) The police response sparked outrage in the community. A discarded cigarette sparked a small brush fire.

Question 131

viable

Answer 131

1 a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully viable alternative/proposition/option etc The committee came forward with one viable solution. economically/commercially/financially viable Will a hotel here be financially viable? viably viability ˌvaɪəˈbɪləti the long-term economic viability of the company

Question 132

a programme on the radio or on television

Answer 132

broadcast/ˈbrɒːdkæst a news broadcast CNN’s live broadcast of the trial (=sent out at the same time as the events are happening)

Question 133

continuing, or continuing to develop

Answer 133

ongoing their ongoing search for a new director ongoing negotiations The discussions are still ongoing.

Question 134

1 something which is futuristic looks unusual and modern, as if it belongs in the future instead of the present

Answer 134

futuristic/ˌfjuːtʃəˈrɪstɪk The futuristic sports stadium is the pride of the city. futuristic ideas, books, films etc imagine what may happen in the future, especially through scientific developments Orwell’s disturbing futuristic novel, ‘1984’

Question 135

an exact copy of something, especially a building, a gun, or a work of art

Answer 135

replica/ˈreplɪkə replica of an exact replica of the Taj Mahal replica guns

Question 136

the action of immersing something in liquid, or the state of being immersed

Answer 136

immersion his near-fatal immersion in the icy Atlantic Ocean 2 [uncountable] the fact of being completely involved in something you are doing my immersion in black music and culture

Question 137

communicator

Answer 137

``` communication communicator (adjective) communicative ≠ uncommunicative (verb) communicate She’s a skilled communicator. ```

Question 138

1 to order someone to come to a place

Answer 138

summon/ˈsʌmən Robert summoned the waiter for the bill. summon somebody to something The president summoned Taylor to Washington. summon somebody to do something He was summoned to attend an emergency meeting. 2 to officially order someone to come to a court of law Hugh was summoned to appear before the magistrate. 3 (also summon something up) to try very hard to have enough of something such as courage, energy, or strength, because you need it He had to summon the energy to finish the race. احظار، فراخواندن،

Question 139

miniaturize

Answer 139

ˈmɪnətʃəraɪz $ ˈmɪniə-/ to make something in a very small size miniaturized a miniaturized listening device

Question 140

literary expensive possessions and large amounts of money SYN wealth

Answer 140

riches He was enjoying his new-found riches. the story of her rise from rags to riches (=from being poor to being rich)

Question 141

happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual

Answer 141

commonplace common Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town. • Organ transplants are now commonplace.

Question 142

to include or show something as a special or important part of something, or to be included as an important part

Answer 142

feature | The exhibition features paintings by Picasso.

Question 143

1 a way of doing something, especially the correct or usual way → process

Answer 143

procedure/prəˈsiːdʒə What’s the procedure for applying for a visa? correct/proper/normal etc procedure This is standard procedure for getting rid of toxic waste.

Question 144

1 invasive medical treatment involves cutting into someone’s body

Answer 144

invasive/ɪnˈveɪsɪv 2 an invasive disease spreads quickly and is difficult to stop invasive bladder cancers

Question 145

affecting someone’s private life or interrupting them in an unwanted and annoying way

Answer 145

intrusive/ɪnˈtruːsɪv They found the television cameras too intrusive. causing disruption or annoyance through being unwelcome or uninvited.

Question 146

to find out what illness someone has, or what the cause of a fault is, after doing tests, examinations etc

Answer 146

``` diagnose/noʊs diagnose somebody as (having) something Joe struggled in school before he was diagnosed as dyslexic. diagnose something as something The illness was diagnosed as mumps. diagnose somebody with something She was diagnosed with breast cancer. ```

Question 147

1 someone who is ..........has many different skills

Answer 147

versatile/ˈvɜːrsətl a very versatile performer a more versatile workforce 2 having many different uses The potato is an extremely versatile vegetable. versatility Hegley’s outstanding versatility as an all-round entertainer

Question 148

2 informal someone who is ........ is bad-tempered SYN grumpy

Answer 148

crusty a crusty old man 3 having a thin dry hard layer of something on the surface The lake was ringed by crusty salt deposits.

Question 149

close to a place

Answer 149

The beach is within easy reach of the hotel.

Question 150

1 REQUEST [countable] an urgent request for something important

Answer 150

appeal/əˈpiːl The police have issued a new appeal for information. appeal to All the organizations involved have sent urgent appeals to the government, asking for extra funding.

Question 151

the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific, medical, or technical purpose

Answer 151

æpəˈrætəs $ -ˈræ equipment Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.

Question 152

English someone who is trained to give medical care and treatment to sick animals S

Answer 152

vet/vetərəˈneəriən $ -ˈner-/

Question 153

ˌupwardly ˈmobile

Answer 153

moving up through the social classes and becoming richer

Question 154

1 money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services → income

Answer 154

revenueˈrevənuː advertising revenue Strikes have cost £20 million in lost revenues. 2 money that the government receives from tax an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%

Question 155

1 the natural features of a particular part of a country that you can see, such as mountains, forests, deserts etc

Answer 155

The best part of the trip was the fantastic scenery. beautiful/lovely The scenery was beautiful and the people were really friendly. stunning (=very beautiful) We drove through some stunning scenery. spectacular/magnificent/wonderful etc (=very impressive) Tourists come for the winter sports and the spectacular scenery. dramatic (=unusual and impressive) Discover the dramatic scenery of the Yorkshire Dales on a guided walk. breathtaking (=very beautiful and impressive) The scenery is breathtaking, a unique combination of mountains, valleys, and lakes. mountain scenery This fascinating village is surrounded by magnificent mountain scenery. coastal scenery The walk takes in some of Britain’s most breathtaking coastal scenery. VERBS admire the scenery We stopped to admire the scenery. enjoy/take in the scenery (=spend time looking at beautiful scenery) Relax with a glass of local wine while you take in the beautiful scenery.

Question 156

bend over backwards (to do something)

Answer 156

to try very hard to be helpful We bent over backwards to finish it on time. • They also needed to stop rationalizing the problem to themselves and bending over backwards to be fair.

Question 157

like two peas in a pod

Answer 157

informal exactly the same in appearance, behaviour etc

Question 158

practical and direct in a sensible honest way

Answer 158

down-to-earth Fran’s a friendly, down-to-earth person. a chef with a down-to-earth approach to cooking

Question 159

have your head in the clouds

Answer 159

to think about something in a way that is not practical or sensible, especially when you think things are much better than they really are

Question 160

1 PARTS/MEMBERS [countable, uncountable] the way in which something is made up of different parts, things, or members

Answer 160

composition/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher. Some minerals have complex chemical compositions. a) [countable] a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing → compose, composer a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ‘Chromatic Fantasy’ 3 PICTURE [countable, uncountable] the way in which the different parts that make up a photograph or picture are arranged Martin starts by lightly sketching in the compositions for his paintings.

Question 161

to hold someone or something very close to you with your arms around them, especially to show that you love them → hug

Answer 161

cuddle | Dawn and her boyfriend were cuddling on the sofa.

Question 162

1 to change someone’s appearance so that people cannot recognize them

Answer 162

disguise/dɪsˈɡaɪz disguise yourself as somebody/something Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and sneak in there. He escaped across the border disguised as a priest. disguise something as something a letter bomb disguised as a musical greetings card 3 to hide a fact or feeling so that people will not notice it Try as he might, Dan couldn’t disguise his feelings for Katie.

Question 163

1 having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way SYN intricate

Answer 163

pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns 2 carefully planned and organized in great detail SYN complex a very elaborate telecommunications network e‧lab‧o‧rate2 /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ verb [intransitive, transitive] to give more details or new information about something SYN enlarge He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further. McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.

Question 164

to think that something is likely to happen in the future

Answer 164

The scheme cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged. envisage doing something I don’t envisage working with him again. imagine

Question 165

1 something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics SYN goal

Answer 165

objective Word family (noun) objectivity (adjective) objective (adverb) objectively He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency. aim, purpose have an objective Our main objective is to reduce road accidents. set an objective (=decide what you are trying to achieve) Pupils should be encouraged to set their own objectives. achieve/accomplish an objective (also attain an objective formal) The policy should help us achieve our objective of reducing paper waste. reach/meet an objective (=achieve an objective) We need to control spending in order to meet our financial objectives. pursue an objective (=try to achieve something you want) War has always been a means of pursuing nat aims and objectives (=all the things someone wants to achieve) The department should clearly state its aims and objectives.

Question 166

1 a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better SYN solution

Answer 166

remedy/ˈremədi The problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy. remedy for The program is one remedy for discrimination. 2 a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious SYN cure remedy for a remedy for colds take a remedy Have you tried taking herbal remedies?

Question 167

relating to or happening in a sequence

Answer 167

sequential/sɪˈkwenʃəl sequence sequencing (adjective) sequential (verb) sequence (adverb) sequentially • a sequential arrangement • A sequential data file that is indexed is called an indexed sequential file.

Question 168

1 GO SECRETLY [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard SYN creep

Answer 168

``` sneak/sniːk sneak in/out/away etc They sneaked off without paying! She snuck out of the house once her parents were asleep. حرکت پنهانی ```

Question 169

a paved path for pedestrians at the side of a road.

Answer 169

sidewalk

Question 170

1 a ...... event or situation makes you feel very sad, especially because it involves death or suffering → comic

Answer 170

tragic/ˈtrædʒɪk The parents were not to blame for the tragic death of their son. 2 [only before noun] relating to tragedy in books or plays OPP comic a great tragic actor

Question 171

meanwhile

Answer 171

1 while something else is happening Cook the sauce over a medium heat until it thickens. Meanwhile start boiling the water for the pasta. 2 (also in the meanwhile) in the period of time between two events The flight will be announced soon. Meanwhile, please remain seated.

Question 172

to be able to remember something SYN remember

Answer 172

recollect/ˌrekəˈlekt All I recollect is a grey sky. recollect that She recollected sadly that she and Ben used to laugh a lot. recollect how/when/what etc Can you recollect how your brother reacted?

Question 173

1 to discover or explain exactly the real facts about something or the cause of a problem

Answer 173

pinpoint/ˈpɪnpɔɪnt It’s difficult to pinpoint the cause of the accident. pinpoint what/how/why etc They need to pinpoint exactly what skills are necessary. 2 to find or show the exact position of something Rescue teams have now pinpointed the location of the ship.

Question 174

an extremely short period of time

Answer 174

split second | For a split second the two men hesitated.

Question 175

able to understand other people’s feelings and problems

Answer 175

sensitive/ˈsensətɪv a sensitive and intelligent young man sensitive to It’s made me much more sensitive to the needs of the disabled. 4 SITUATION/SUBJECT a situation or subject that is sensitive needs to be dealt with very carefully, because it is secret or because it may offend people Abortion is a very sensitive issue. sensitive matters such as national security

Question 176

1 based on facts, or making a decision that is based on facts rather than on your feelings or beliefs OPP subjective

Answer 176

objective assessment/measurement/description etc It’s hard to give an objective opinion about your own children. Scientists need to be objective when doing research. purely/totally/completely objective the importance of a completely objective, independent press

Question 177

factual

Answer 177

ˈfæktʃuəl based on facts or relating to facts Try to keep your account of events as factual as possible. factual information/knowledge/statements etc Libraries are stores of factual information. The report contained a number of factual errors.

Question 178

deterrent

Answer 178

1 something that makes someone less likely to do something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results The small fines for this type of crime do not act as much of a deterrent. the deterrent effect of prison sentences

Question 179

to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed SYN hamper

Answer 179

hinder/ˈhɪndə His career has been hindered by injury. policies that will hinder rather than help families ► Do not confuse with prevent (=to make it impossible for someone to do something): His poor health prevented him from going to work (NOT His poor health hindered him from going to work). In everyday English, people often say something gets in the way of something rather than hinders it: This could get in the way of rescue attempts.

Question 180

1 someone who is guilty of a crime

Answer 180

offender/əˈfendə Community punishment is used for less serious offenders. At 16, Scott was already a persistent offender (=someone who has been caught several times for committing crimes). Word family (noun) offense/offense offender offensive offensiveness (adjective) offensive ≠ inoffensive offended offending (verb) offend (adverb) offensively

Question 181

aboriginal/ˌæbəˈrɪdʒɪnəl

Answer 181

1 (also Aboriginal) relating to the Australian aborigines 2 formal relating to the people or animals that have existed in a place or country from the earliest times SYN indigenous

Question 182

1 extremely unpleasant SYN terrible

Answer 182

dreadful We’ve had some dreadful weather lately. Michelle felt absolutely dreadful (=very ill).

Question 183

3 (also summon something up) to try very hard to have enough of something such as courage, energy, or strength, because you need it

Answer 183

summon something up | He had to summon the energy to finish the race.

Question 184

2 formal to supply or provide something

Answer 184

``` furnish Word family (noun) furnishings furniture (adjective) furnished ≠ unfurnished (verb) furnish ```

Question 185

sweetener

Answer 185

ˈswiːtnə 1 [countable, uncountable] a substance used to make food or drink taste sweeter No artificial sweeteners are used in this product.

Question 186

not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece of advice SYN fair OPP biased

Answer 186

We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance. an impartial inquiry into the deaths impartially بی طرفانه

Question 187

1 a false warning about something dangerous

Answer 187

hoax a bomb hoax hoax calls (=telephone calls giving false information) to the police a bomb hoax hoax calls (=telephone calls giving false information) to the police 2 an attempt to make people believe something that is not true an elaborate hoax

Question 188

1 [countable, uncountable] the type of activity or subject that a person or organization seems most interested in and gives most attention to

Answer 188

orientation orientation towards/to The company needs to develop a stronger orientation towards marketing its products. How can we get students to adopt a serious orientation to learning?

Question 189

1 to communicate or express something, with or without using words

Answer 189

convey All this information can be conveyed in a simple diagram. Ads convey the message that thin is beautiful. He was sent to convey a message to the UN Secretary General. convey something to somebody I want to convey to children that reading is one of life’s greatest treats. convey a sense/an impression/an idea etc You don’t want to convey the impression that there’s anything illegal going on

Question 190

ironing

Answer 190

ˈaɪənɪŋ 1 the activity of making clothes smooth with an iron I hate doing the ironing. 2 clothes that are waiting to be ironed or have just been ironed I’m tired and there’s still a pile of ironing to do.

Question 191

uncountable nous

Answer 191

``` hair = you have got very long hair(there is a hair in my soup) experience = i had some interesting experiences = things that happened to me(they offered a job to me because i had lot of experience) ```

Question 192

news C or U | travel

Answer 192

the news was very depressing travel =U = travelling in general they spend a lot of money on travel trip , journey = C = We had a very good trip , journey

Question 193

job , work

Answer 193

I'm looking for a job , I'm looking for work. (not a work)

Question 194

view , scenery

Answer 194

What a beautiful view! , What beautiful scenery!

Question 195

day, weather

Answer 195

it's a nice day today / it's nice weather today.

Question 196

bag, case , baggage, luggage

Answer 196

C We had a lot of bags and cases. | C We had a lot of baggage/luggage.

Question 197

chair , furniture

Answer 197

These chairs are mine | This furniture is mine

Question 198

suggestion , advice

Answer 198

That's a good suggestion | That's good advice

Question 199

all uncountable nouns

Answer 199

``` accommodation advice baggage behaviour bread chaos damage furniture information ``` ``` Luck Luggage news permission progress scenery ----, traffic weather work ```

Question 200

when we use plural nouns alone?

Answer 200

when we want talk about what kind of something or someone they are that is a nice table these are nice chairs

Question 201

when we dont use some

Answer 201

when we are taling about things in general i love banana my aunt writes books

Question 202

a brightly coloured flower that is shaped like a cup and grows from a bulb in spring گل لاله

Answer 202

tulip

Question 203

Some nouns end in -ics, but are not usually plural. For example:

Answer 203

athletics economics electronics gymnastics maths (=mathematics) physics politics =. Gymnastics is my favourite sport. (not Gymnastics are)

Question 204

Some words ending in -s can be singular or plural. For example:

Answer 204

means, a means of transport, many means of transport series, a television series, two television series species, a species of bird, 200 species of bird

Question 205

Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb. For example:

Answer 205

audience committee company family firm government staff team ``` The government(= they) have decided to increase taxes. The staff at the company (=they) are not happy with their working conditions ```

Question 206

In the same way, we often use a plural verb after the name of a sports team or a company:

Answer 206

Italy are playing Brazil next Sunday (in a football match). | Shell have increased the price of petrol

Question 207

We use a ...... verb with police:

Answer 207

:= The police are investigating the crime, but haven't arrested anyone yet.

Question 208

We think of a sum of money, a period of time, a distance etc. as one thing. So we use a singular verb

Answer 208

Fifty thousand pounds(= it) was stolen in the robbery. (not were stolen) 0 Three years(= it) is a long time to be without a job. (not Three years are) 0 Two miles isn't very far to walk.

Question 209

[countable, uncountable] a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy

Answer 209

Coal is one of the cheapest fuels.

Question 210

to make an argument or disagreement worse

Answer 210

add fuel to the fire/flames | Rather than providing a solution, their statements merely added fuel to the fire.

Question 211

fossil

Answer 211

ˈfɒsəl fossils of early reptiles Marine sponges have a long fossil record (=their development has been recorded over a long period).

Question 212

different types of fossil

Answer 212

a fossil fuel (=a fuel such as coal or oil, produced by the gradual decaying of plants and animals) Global warming may be caused by burning fossil fuels. nuclear fuel What do we do with the spent nuclear fuel? solid fuel (=a solid substance, such as coal, that is used as a fuel) The number of homes using solid fuel for heating has decreased. domestic/household fuel (=used in a house) There has been a sharp rise in domestic fuel costs. smokeless fuel (=that burns without producing smoke) The government is trying to encourage the use of environmentally-friendly smokeless fuels. unleaded fuel (=that does not contain lead) Modern cars run on unleaded fuel. a green fuel (=a fuel that harms the environment as little as possible) Are green fuels, like Biodiesel, really the solution to our fuel crisis? a clean fuel (=fuel that does not harm the environment) The proposal is to cut tax on cars that run on clean fuel. aviation fuel (=used used by planes) high-octane aviation fuel VERBS

Question 213

unleaded/ʌnˈledɪd

Answer 213

unleaded petrol does not contain any lead | Ben’s car only takes unleaded.

Question 214

biosphere/ˈbaɪəsfɪə

Answer 214

technical the part of the world in which animals, plants etc can live

Question 215

not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings.

Answer 215

impersonal Business letters do not have to be impersonal and formal. Sometimes she seems a very impersonal, even unkind, mother. 2 a place or situation that is impersonal does not make people feel that they are important I hate staying in hotels; they’re so impersonal. a formal and impersonal style of management

Question 216

something that is ...... makes you feel anxious or worried

Answer 216

worrying worry worrier (adjective) worried ≠ unworried worrying worrisome (verb) worry (adverb) worryingly worriedly The situation is extremely worrying. This is a worrying development for small businesses. It’s been a worrying few weeks for us all.

Question 217

inadvisable

Answer 217

an action that is inadvisable is not sensible SYN unwise Changes in the patient’s condition may make surgery inadvisable. it is inadvisable to do something It is inadvisable to involve more than one contractor on a project.

Question 218

1 to make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it

Answer 218

contaminate/kənˈtæməneɪt Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated. 2 to influence something in a way that has a bad effect He claims the poster ads have ‘contaminated Berlin’s streets’. contamination / radioactive contamination

Question 219

formal to correct something that is wrong SYN put right

Answer 219

I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done. rectification /ˌrektɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

Question 220

a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etc

Answer 220

pollutant/pəˈluːtənt air/environmental/water etc pollutants New regulations will reduce hazardous air pollutants. a dumping ground for toxic pollutants

Question 221

the process of cleaning a liquid by passing it through a filter

Answer 221

filtration/fɪlˈtreɪʃən | • Will I sacrifice water quality by reducing filtration?

Question 222

water table

Answer 222

the level below the ground where there is water

Question 223

erosion

Answer 223

1 if the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas. The rocks have gradually eroded away. soil erosion

Question 224

logging

Answer 224

the work of cutting down trees in a forest

Question 225

2 ANIMALS [intransitive, transitive] to illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission

Answer 225

poach | Deer have been poached here for years.

Question 226

to make a bad situation worse

Answer 226

exacerbate/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt The recession has exacerbated this problem. I don’t want to exacerbate the situation. exacerbation /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃən $ -sər-/ • Financial problems have been exacerbated by declining enrollment.

Question 227

impurity

Answer 227

purification purist purity ≠ impurity purifier (adjective) pure ≠ impure (verb) purify (adverb) purely 1 [countable usually plural] a substance of a low quality that is contained in or mixed with something else, making it less pure All natural minerals contain impurities.

Question 228

tainted

Answer 228

1 a tainted substance, especially food or drink, is not safe because it is spoiled or contains a harmful substance or poison

Question 229

butler

Answer 229

the main male servant of a house

Question 230

1 to cause someone to feel extremely embarrassed or ashamed

Answer 230

mortify/ˈmɔːtɪfaɪ | • As a teenager, making any mistake socially would have mortified me.

Question 231

turn your back (on somebody/something)

Answer 231

a) to refuse to help, support, or be involved with someone or something How can you turn your back on your own mother? In his twenties he turned his back on his Catholic faith.

Question 232

dismiss

Answer 232

1 to refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important The government has dismissed criticisms that the country’s health policy is a mess. dismiss something as something He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic. It’s an idea that shouldn’t be dismissed out of hand (=dismissed immediately and completely). dismiss an idea/suggestion Both actors dismissed any idea of a romantic relationship between them. dismiss a notion formal (=idea) The Minister dismissed the notion that he had cut petrol tax because of the forthcoming by-election. dismiss a possibility The prime minister dismissed the possibility of an early election. dismiss a claim An industrial tribunal dismissed his claim of unfair discrimination. dismiss an allegation/charge She claimed that she was honest and dismissed the allegations against her. dismiss a thought Was he lying? I tried to dismiss the thought.

Question 233

pharmaceutical

Answer 233

ˌfɑːrməˈsuː | relating to the production of drugs and medicines

Question 234

ideas about city

Answer 234

``` excellent shopping friendly people, friendly inhabitants great food lots to do unusual building lively festivals spectacular scenery --- fast public transport crowded streets high crime rate ```

Question 235

to ask someone for information

Answer 235

inquire/ˈkwaɪr ‘Why are you doing that?’ the boy inquired. inquire about I am writing to inquire about your advertisement in ‘The Times’. inquire whether/why/how etc The waiter inquired whether we would like to sit near the window. inquire something of somebody ‘Where’s the station?’ she inquired of a passer-by. Toby would have liked to inquire further (=ask more questions).

Question 236

the day, week etc that follows the next one

Answer 236

the day/week etc after next | Have you remembered it’s Susie’s birthday the week after next?

Question 237

spoken used to say that you are asking a question only because you are interested and not because you need to know

Answer 237

(just) out of interest/as a matter of interest | Just out of interest, how much did they offer you?

Question 238

a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type

Answer 238

range/reɪndʒ a range of services The drug is effective against a range of bacteria. age/price/temperature etc range toys suitable for children in the pre-school age range a temperature range of 72–85º, in/within a ... range Your blood pressure’s well within the normal range. a wide/broad range The Institute organises talks on a wide range of topics. a whole range (=a wide range) He also supports a whole range of other charities. a large/great/huge/vast range A vast range of plants are used in medicines. a diverse range During his career he has run a diverse range of businesses. a narrow/limited range They only had a very limited range of products available.

Question 239

a) to include a variety of different things or people in addition to those mentioned

Answer 239

range from something to something The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents. b) if prices, levels, temperatures etc range from one amount to another, they include both those amounts and anything in between There were 120 students whose ages ranged from 10 to 18.

Question 240

1 related to a suburb, or in a suburb

Answer 240

suburban//səˈbɜːbən a quiet, suburban street 2 boring and typical of people who live in the suburbs narrow-minded, suburban attitudes

Question 241

amenity

Answer 241

Amenities are things such as shopping centres or sports facilities that are provided for people’s convenience, enjoyment, or comfort. ■ The hotel amenities include health clubs, conference facilities, and banqueting rooms

Question 242

n a place, the place is extremely | crowded and blocked with traffic or people.

Answer 242

congestion The problems of traffic congestion will not disappear in a hurry. ■ Energy consumption, congestion and pollution have increased

Question 243

You refer to the buildings in which people live as .......... when you are talking about their standard, price, or availability.

Answer 243

housing a shortage of affordable housing

Question 244

The ............ of a house or area are | the people who live there.

Answer 244

resident The Archbishop called upon the government to build more low cost homes for local residents. ■ More than 10 percent of Munich residents live below the poverty line

Question 245

introducing new and better methods or ideas for the first time

Answer 245

pioneering pioneering work/research/efforts etc the pioneering work of NASA scientists She played a pioneering role in opening higher education to women. The school has won awards for its pioneering work with the community. ■ a pioneering Scottish surgeon and anatomist named John Hunter

Question 246

spreading over a wide area in an untidy or unattractive way

Answer 246

sprawling A place that is sprawling has been built over a large area in an untidy or uncontrolled way ■ a sprawling suburb on the edge of a big city ■ The house was a sprawling ranch-style building

Question 247

simplistic

Answer 247

treating complex issues and problems as if they were much simpler than they really are. simplistic solutions

Question 248

the distance or measurement around the outside of a circle or any round shape

Answer 248

``` circumference/səˈkʌmfərəns circumference of the circumference of the Earth in circumference The island is only nine miles in circumference. The circumference of a circle, place, or round object is the distance around its edge. a scientist calculating the Earth's circumference ■ The island is 3.5 km in circumference ```

Question 249

1 to establish political control over an area or over another country, and send your citizens there to settle

Answer 249

colonize/ˈkɒlənaɪz 2 if animals or plants colonize an area, large numbers of them start to live there 2 if animals or plants colonize an area, large numbers of them start to live there colonization /ˌkɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃən colonial/,kəˈlōnyəl

Question 250

1 [intransitive] (also crumble away) if something, especially something made of stone or rock, is .... , small pieces are breaking off it

Answer 250

crumble The old stonework was crumbling away. crumbling colonial buildings

Question 251

1 [intransitive, transitive] to die from being under water for too long, or to kill someone in this way

Answer 251

drown Many people drowned when the boat overturned. Jane was drowned in the river. make an error We made too many errors, and that cost us the game. commit an error formal (=make an error, especially a serious one) He knew he had committed a grave error of judgement. have/contain an error If the data contains errors, the results will be wrong. find/spot/notice an error His accountant spotted several errors in his tax return. realize your error By the time she realized her error, it was too late. correct an error (also rectify an error formal) We will rectify the error as soon as possible. avoid errors He resolved to learn from his mistakes and avoid similar errors in the future. compound an error (=make it worse) He refused to listen to our advice, which compounded the error. an error arises/occurs formal (=happens) If an error occurs, you will have two more chances to re-enter your password.

Question 252

informal a place that is a long way from other places and is difficult to get to

Answer 252

the back of beyond | It’s a nice little cottage but it really is in the back of beyond.

Question 253

1 [intransitive, transitive] to combine, or to join things together to form one thing

Answer 253

The bank announced that it was to merge with another of the high street banks. The villages have grown and merged together over the years.

Question 254

a long written story in which the characters and events are usually imaginary → fiction

Answer 254

``` novel a novel by Jane Austen not like anything known before, and unusual or interesting novel idea/approach/method etc What a novel idea! ```

Question 255

1 [transitive] formal to make something develop and grow strong again

Answer 255

regenerate efforts to regenerate the US economy The Marshall Plan sought to regenerate the shattered Europe of 1947. a new strategy for urban regeneration

Question 256

1 [countable, uncountable] something that you do to show publicly that you think that something is wrong and unfair, for example taking part in big public meetings, refusing to work, or refusing to buy a company’s products

Answer 256

protest Students held a protest march against the war. Five thousand employees came out on strike in protest at the poor working conditions. hold/stage/mount a protest Opponents of the plan have staged several protests. lead to/spark (off) protests (=cause them) The arrests sparked off violent street protests. organize a protest She organized a protest outside the store. protests erupt (=start suddenly) Massive protests erupted across the country.

Question 257

to give information about something to the public, so that they know about it

Answer 257

publicize public publication publicist publicity (adjective) public (verb) publicize (adverb) publicly television’s failure to publicize the unemployment issue well/widely/highly publicized (=receiving a lot of attention) His visit was highly publicized.

Question 258

1 something that prevents or saves someone or something from danger, loss, or failure

Answer 258

salvation/sælˈveɪʃən be somebody’s/something’s salvation A drug treatment program was Ron’s salvation. salvation of The Internet turned out to be the salvation of the company

Question 259

1 to hit your foot against something or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall SYN trip

Answer 259

stumble In her hurry, she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor. 3 to stop or make a mistake when you are reading to people or speaking

Question 260

موجب ناراحتی | having many thorns or thorn bushes.

Answer 260

thorny 1 → a thorny question/problem/issue etc thorniness

Question 261

a house, apartment etc where people live

Answer 261

dwelling | • By 1951 the Labour government had built 900,000 houses, falling short of its target of 240,000 dwellings a year.

Question 262

to completely change the way people do something or think about something

Answer 262

revolutionize Word family (noun) revolution revolutionary (adjective) revolutionary (verb) revolutionize New technology is going to revolutionize everything we do. His work revolutionized the treatment of this disease.

Question 263

a road that you pay to use

Answer 263

toll road | • It could be the first modern private toll road north of the border.

Question 264

1 complete loss of your money, moral standards, social position etc, or the sudden failure of an organization

Answer 264

1 complete loss of your money, moral standards, social position etc, or the sudden failure of an organization be somebody’s downfall an addiction to gambling that proved to be her downfall a loss of power, prosperity, or status. سقوط the crisis led to the downfall of the government

Question 265

the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines etc

Answer 265

engineering/ˌendʒəˈnɪərɪŋ --------- engineering works • The investigation showed that the pollution probably derived from an engineering works that closed some 15 years ago.

Question 266

mutate

Answer 266

2 to change and develop a new form | Technology continues to mutate at an alarming rate.

Question 267

up to this time

Answer 267

hitherto\ˌhɪðəˈtuː | a species of fish hitherto unknown in the West

Question 268

1to decide that something is not possible or suitable

Answer 268

rule something → out phrasal verb [transitive] Management has not ruled out further redundancies. 2to make it impossible for something to happen The mountainous terrain rules out most forms of agriculture.

Question 269

formal a particular type of art, writing, music etc, which has certain features that all examples of this type share

Answer 269

genre /ˈʒɑːnrə a new genre of film-making a literary genre

Question 270

1 to bring an activity, meeting etc to an end

Answer 270

wind up OK, just to wind up, could I summarize what we’ve decided? wind something ↔ up It’s time to wind things up – I have a plane to catch. 2 wind something ↔ up to close down a company or organization Our operations in Jamaica are being wound up. 5 wind something ↔ up to turn part of a machine around several times, in order to make it move or start working

Question 271

someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for a group → representative

Answer 271

delegate | Around 350 delegates attended the conference.

Question 272

1 [only before noun] a forthcoming event, meeting etc is one that has been planned to happen soon

Answer 272

forthcoming the forthcoming elections Keep an eye on the noticeboards for forthcoming events. 2 willing to give information about something OPP unforthcoming forthcoming about IBM is usually pretty forthcoming about the markets for its products.

Question 273

1 someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal something

Answer 273

intruder The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window. 2 someone who is in a place where they are not wanted At first I felt like an intruder in their family.

Question 274

1 GET/ACHIEVE to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort

Answer 274

secure secure a deal/contract The company secured a $20 million contract. Negotiators are still working to secure the hostages’ release. Boyd’s goal secured his team’s place in the Cup Final. 2 SAFE FROM HARM to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost Troops were sent to secure the border. secure something against somebody/something They built a ten-foot high fence to secure the house against intruders.

Question 275

1 simple, old-fashioned, and not spoiled by modern developments, in a way that is typical of the countryside

Answer 275

The village had a certain rustic charm. 2 [only before noun] roughly made from wood a rustic chair rusticity /rʌˈstɪsəti

Question 276

1 a ........... place is pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way

Answer 276

a quiet fishing village with a picturesque harbour

Question 277

informal a place that is a long way from other places and is difficult to get to

Answer 277

the back of beyond

Question 278

a place or experience in which everything is peaceful and everyone is perfectly happy

Answer 278

a rural idyll • This rural idyll is, however, the privilege of the minority. An idealized, romanticized construct that presents rural areas as happier, healthier, and with fewer problems than urban areas.

Question 279

1 a very quiet place not influenced by outside events or new ideas – used to show disapproval

Answer 279

backwater | a rural backwater

Question 280

1 [transitive] formal to make something develop and grow strong again

Answer 280

regenerate efforts to regenerate the US economy The Marshall Plan sought to regenerate the shattered Europe of 1947. a new strategy for urban regeneration

Question 281

restoration

Answer 281

1 when you repair something such as an old building or a piece of furniture, so that it looks the same as when it was first built or made a fund for the restoration of historic buildings Major restoration work will begin in May.

Question 282

a ....... building or piece of land is in very bad condition because it has not been used for a long time

Answer 282

derelict/ˈderəlɪkt | • Today the site of the Mill is derelict.

Question 283

the part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings are in a bad condition and the people are poor

Answer 283

inner city | the problems of our inner cities

Question 284

1 having a lot of leaves

Answer 284

leafy green vegetables such as spinach 2 having a lot of trees and plants a leafy suburb

Question 285

1 a residential part of a town consists of private houses, with no offices or factories → suburban

Answer 285

residential | a quiet residential neighbourhood

Question 286

a house, apartment etc where people live

Answer 286

dwelling | • By 1951 the Labour government had built 900,000 houses, falling short of its target of 240,000 dwellings a year.

Question 287

someone who travels a long distance to work every day► see thesaurus at travel

Answer 287

commuter/kəˈmjuːtə a commuter train/plane (=a train or plane that people use to travel to work in a city) Several commuter trains were delayed because of the bad weather. commuter traffic The new measures are aimed at reducing commuter traffic into the capital. a commuter service More money is needed to improve commuter services in the region. a commuter town/village (=that a lot of people leave each day to travel to work) It’s a commuter town about 40 miles from London. a commuter line (=a railway line that commuters use) There’s a fast and reliable commuter line across Kent. a commuter route (=a road or railway line that commuters use)

Question 288

a road that you pay to use

Answer 288

toll road | • It could be the first modern private toll road north of the border.

Question 289

1 TIME [usually singular] the time when something or someone is best, greatest, highest, most successful etc

Answer 289

peak The British Empire was at its peak in the mid 19th century. Sales this month have reached a new peak. at the peak of something Hotel rooms are difficult to find at the peak of the holiday season.

Question 290

the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines etc

Answer 290

engineering/ˌendʒəˈnɪərɪŋ --------- engineering works • The investigation showed that the pollution probably derived from an engineering works that closed some 15 years ago.

Question 291

1 a situation in which streets in a city are so full of cars that they cannot move

Answer 291

gridlock/ˈɡrɪdlɒk The battle over spending led to gridlock. • In the new Washington fewer laws will be passed, and gridlock will be a frequent problem.

Question 292

someone who travels through an unknown area to find out about it► see thesaurus at travel

Answer 292

``` explorer exploration explorer (adjective) exploratory unexplored (verb) explore ```

Question 293

done in order to find out more about something

Answer 293

exploratory/ɪkˈsplɔːrətɔːri He’s going to have exploratory surgery on his knee. اکتشافی

Question 294

1 FAR AWAY far away in space or time

Answer 294

distant/ the sound of distant gunfire Her honeymoon seemed a distant memory. distant from stars that are distant from our galaxy the distant past/future (=a long time in the past/future) It is a fictional story set in the distant past. In the distant future, there may be a cure for the disease. a distant memory (=something that happened a long time ago) Already the summer seemed like a distant memory. distant mountains/hills From here, you can look out to the distant hills. a distant planet/galaxy/star They saw telescope images of the distant planet Neptune. a distant sound Sometimes you can hear the distant sound of traffic from the main road. distant thunder Distant thunder rumbled over the mountains. distant places She loved the wild, distant places of Scotland. a distant land literary (=a country that is a long way away) He fled to a distant land.

Question 295

1 large in size, amount, or degree

Answer 295

extensive The house stands in extensive grounds. Fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests. the extensive use of pesticides 2 containing or dealing with a lot of information and details Extensive research is being done into the connection between the disease and poor living conditions. —extensively adverb As a student, he travelled extensively in the Middle East. به طور گسترده

Question 296

Oriental studies

Answer 296

Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology; in recent years the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Asian studies and Middle Eastern studies.

Question 297

a group of people with their own particular set of beliefs and practices, especially within or separated from a larger religious group → sectional

Answer 297

sect

Question 298

2 DO SOMETHING DIFFICULT [intransitive, transitive] to succeed in doing something difficult, especially after trying very hard

Answer 298

manage to do something I finally managed to push the huge animal away. How do you manage to stay so slim? We somehow managed to persuade him.

Question 299

1 [countable] a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place, or the people that make this journey

Answer 299

expedition/ˌekspəˈdɪʃən an expedition to the North Pole another Everest expedition on an expedition He went on an expedition to Borneo. 2 [countable] a short journey, usually made for a particular purpose SYN trip a shopping expedition a fishing expedition go on an expedition After the war, Swainson went on an expedition to Patagonia. make an expedition (=go on an expedition) The men made expeditions to Spain, Greece and Asia Minor to find fossils. set off on an expedition (also embark on an expedition formal) (=leave at the start of an expedition) Trent set off on an expedition to collect plants with fellow botanical students.

Question 300

used when someone says something that makes you realize or remember another thing

Answer 300

Now you mention it, I did see a strange man outside. | Ways of talking about memories:that reminds me, as (far as) I recall, if my memory serves me (well/right/correctly)...

Question 301

to have a conversation

Answer 301

hold a conversation | • This involved being around, or hanging around, just watching, recording, holding conversations.

Question 302

a sailor or someone who travels regularly by ship

Answer 302

seafarer/ˈsiːˌfeərə $ -ˌferər

Question 303

to give someone a piece of information that someone else has given to you

Answer 303

pass something ↔ on to She said she’d pass the message on to the other students. pass something ↔ on a) to give something, especially a disease, to your children through your genes b) to give a slight illness to someone else to One catches the virus and they pass it on to the rest.

Question 304

someone who is active and confident, and who enjoys spending time with other people OPP introvert

Answer 304

extrovert/ˈekstrəvɜːt | Her sister was always more of an extrovert.

Question 305

reason

Answer 305

reason reasoning reasonableness (adjective) reasonable ≠ unreasonable reasoned (verb) reason (adverb) reasonably ≠ unreasonably reason for People give different reasons for wanting to change jobs. reason why We’d like to know the reason why she didn’t accept the job. reason (that) The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday. reason behind He explained the reasons behind the decision. for reasons of something The bridge is closed for reasons of safety. reason to do something This work gives me a reason to live. there is no reason to do something There is no reason whatsoever to doubt her story. by reason of something formal (=because of something) a person disqualified by reason of age

Question 306

advantage

Answer 306

advantage of One of the many advantages of living in New York is that you can eat out at almost any time of day. there is an advantage in (to) doing sth there are many advantages in living alone

Question 307

a written or spoken request to someone, inviting them to go somewhere or do something

Answer 307

invitation invite (adjective) uninvited inviting ≠ uninviting (verb) invite (adverb) invitingly an invitation to do something an invitation to speak at a scientific conference invitation to Roger never turns down an invitation to dinner.

Question 308

something that is inviting is very attractive and makes you want to be near it, try it, taste it etc

Answer 308

``` inviting The log fire looked warm and inviting. —invitingly adverb She smiled invitingly. • Nothing's more inviting than a plump sofa or chair. ```

Question 309

surprise (proposition)

Answer 309

i was surprised at her reaction to the problem 1 EVENT [countable] an unexpected or unusual event → shock What a surprise to find you here! We had a big surprise when we found out the truth. ------To my surprise, the whole family was there. be a surprise His decision to marry was a complete surprise. come as a surprise (=be surprising) The announcement came as a surprise to most people. get/have a surprise We got a surprise when we got home and found him waiting for us. give somebody a surprise She wanted to give him a surprise. have a surprise for somebody (=be planning to give someone a surprise) I think Jenny might have a surprise for you. spring a surprise (on somebody) (=give someone a surprise) The chairman sprang a surprise this week by announcing his intention to quit.

Question 310

angry, annoyed, furious, upset (pro)

Answer 310

about sth with somebody for doing sth There's no point in getting angry about things that don't matter. 2 Are you annoyed with me for being late? r:: Lisa is upset about not being invited to the party.

Question 311

pleased, satisfied, happy, delighted, disappointed

Answer 311

with something you receive They were delighted with the present I gave them. 8 Were you happy with your exam results?

Question 312

surprised I shocked I amazed I astonished I upset

Answer 312

AT or BY something Everybody was surprised at (or by) the news I hope you weren't shocked by (or at) what I said

Question 313

impress

Answer 313

impression impressionism impressionist impressiveness (adjective) impressionable impressive ≠ unimpressive impressionistic unimpressed (verb) impress (adverb) impressively impressionistically Steve borrowed his dad’s sports car to impress his girlfriend. impress somebody with/by something We were very impressed by the standard of work. One candidate in particular impressed us with her knowledge.

Question 314

fed up

Answer 314

fed up I bored WITH something | I don't enjoy my job any more. I'm fed up with it. I I'm bored with it.

Question 315

in keeping (or not in keeping) with someone's usual pattern of behaviour and motives.

Answer 315

in (or out of) character | "his outburst was entirely in character"

Question 316

fond

Answer 316

be fond of somebody to like someone very much, especially when you have known them for a long time and almost feel love for them 2 → be fond of (doing) something 3 → be fond of doing something • He was very fond of her but it strained imagination to see how she could fit into a policeman's life. Joe’s quite fond of her, isn’t he? Over the years we’ve grown very fond of each other.

Question 317

suspicious

Answer 317

1 thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something wrong or dishonest suspicious of Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his behaviour. suspicious about They were suspicious about my past. His reluctance to answer my questions made me suspicious. suspect suspicion (adjective) suspect suspected unsuspecting suspicious (verb) suspect (adverb) suspiciously

Question 318

1 allowing people to do, say, or believe what they want without criticizing or punishing them

Answer 318

tolerant of/towards Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of music. a tolerant society 2 plants that are tolerant of particular weather or soil conditions can exist in those conditions tolerant of trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds

Question 319

1 AWARE [not before noun] noticing or realizing something SYN aware

Answer 319

conscious of (doing) something I became conscious of someone watching me. I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good impression. health conscious People are health conscious nowadays and careful about what they eat. fashion conscious Young girls are always very fashion conscious. security conscious Most airports are extremely security conscious. safety conscious Workers are encouraged to be safety conscious. cost conscious Companies keen to increase their profits have to be cost conscious. class conscious (=concerned about what class of society people come from) In the past, people were much more class conscious.

Question 320

fuLL I short OF ...

Answer 320

Amy is a very active person. She's always fuLL of energy. | C I'm short of money. Can you lend me some?

Question 321

typical OF ...

Answer 321

" He's late again. it's typical of him to keep everybody waiting.

Question 322

keen ON

Answer 322

e stayed at home because Chris wasn 't very keen on going out.

Question 323

dependent ON ... (but independent OF .. . )

Answer 323

U I don't want to be dependent on anybody. Norway’s economy is heavily dependent on natural resources. Jan’s mother was dependent on her for physical care. Word family (noun) dependant dependence ≠ independence dependency (adjective) dependable dependent ≠ independent (verb) depend (adverb) dependably independently independent of We need a central bank that is independent of the government.

Question 324

1 someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a friend

Answer 324

companion For ten years he had been her constant companion. His dog became his closest companion. a travelling companion 2 one of a pair of things that go together or can be used together This book is a companion to Professor Farrer’s first work.

Question 325

contemplate

Answer 325

to think about something that you might do in the future SYN consider He had even contemplated suicide. contemplate doing something Did you ever contemplate resigning?

Question 326

predisposition

Answer 326

a tendency to behave in a particular way or suffer from a particular illness predisposition to/towards a predisposition towards alcoholism

Question 327

brush up

Answer 327

to practise and improve your skills or your knowledge of something that you learned in the past I must brush up on my French before I go to Paris.

Question 328

a holiday organized by a company at a fixed price that includes the cost of travel, hotel etc

Answer 328

package deal 2 an offer or agreement which includes several things that you must buy or accept together The Commission attempted to bring all three proposals into one package deal.

Question 329

informal to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable

Answer 329

``` I don’t mind roughing it for a while. I dont want to rough it anymore • It's backpacking, but with horses carrying the load and first-class meals, it's not roughing it. ```

Question 330

British English a house that someone owns where they go during their holidays

Answer 330

holiday home | • They want it primarily as a holiday home, for recreation.

Question 331

1 a short journey arranged so that a group of people can visit a place, especially while they are on holiday

Answer 331

excursion/ɪkˈskɜːrʒən | Included in the tour is an excursion to the Grand Canyon.

Question 332

1 sudden and unexpected

Answer 332

an abrupt change of plan come to an abrupt end/halt etc The bus came to an abrupt halt. abruptness

Question 333

almost

Answer 333

The plums are just about ripe now. | Just about everybody will be affected by the tax increases.

Question 334

spoil somebody rotten

Answer 334

to treat someone too well or too kindly, especially a child, so that they think they should always have what they want He was the favorite, and his mother spoiled him rotten.

Question 335

1 the quality of being brave when you are facing a difficult or dangerous situation, or when you are very ill → bravery OPP cowardice

Answer 335

Sue showed great courage throughout her illness. courage to do something Gradually I lost the courage to speak out about anything. He did not have the courage to tell Nicola that he was ending their affair. summon/pluck up the courage (to do something) (=find the courage to do something) I plucked up the courage to go out by myself. Driving again after his accident must have taken a lot of courage (=needed courage). have courage She certainly has a lot of courage. show courage The pilot showed great skill and courage. summon (up)/muster your courage (=make yourself feel brave) Summoning all her courage, she got up to see what the noise was.

Question 336

1 extremely brave or determined, and admired by many people SYN courageous

Answer 336

heroic her heroic efforts to save her family Lawrence’s heroic struggle against his destiny She portrayed him as a heroic figure.

Question 337

1 HEAD a side view of someone’s head

Answer 337

``` profile Dani has a lovely profile. in profile I only saw her face in profile. 2 DESCRIPTION a short description that gives important details about a person, a group of people, or a place a job profile profile of a short profile of the actor ```

Question 338

a) [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, not in progressive] to have a particular position in a list of people or things that have been put in order of quality or importance

Answer 338

rank as/among Today’s match ranks as one of the most exciting games that these two have ever played. We rank among the safest countries in the world. rank with/alongside (=be of the same importance or quality) Cuvier wanted to turn natural history into a science that would rank with physics and chemistry.

Question 339

1 a refusal to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws SYN rebellion

Answer 339

The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party. The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party. revolt against a revolt against authority revolt over a revolt over the proposed spending cuts in revolt French farmers are in revolt over cheap imports. ► see thesaurus at revolution

Question 340

1 an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country, using violence → coup, revolution

Answer 340

rebellion/rɪˈbeljən an armed rebellion rebellion against a rebellion against the military regime

Question 341

someone who is a member of a political party that supports communism, or who believes in communism → capitalist, socialist

Answer 341

communist/ˈkɒmjənɪst

Question 342

loyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim

Answer 342

solidarity/ˌsɒləˈdærəti Word family (noun) solid solidarity solidity solids solidification (adjective) solid (verb) solidify (adverb) solidly a gesture of solidarity an appeal for worker solidarity

Question 343

horrendous

Answer 343

``` həˈrendəs 1 frightening and terrible SYN horrific a horrendous experience She suffered horrendous injuries. 2 informal extremely unreasonable or unpleasant horrendous debts The traffic was horrendous. ```

Question 344

if one person does something single-handedly, they do it without help from anyone else SYN alone

Answer 344

She brought up three children single-handedly. | a single-handed voyage across the Atlantic

Question 345

extremely good SYN excellent

Answer 345

su‧perb The food was superb. superb weather

Question 346

actions, reactions, decisions etc that are justifiable are acceptable because they are done for good reasons

Answer 346

justifiable Word family (noun) justification (adjective) justifiable ≠ unjustifiable justified ≠ unjustified (verb) justify (adverb) justifiably ≠ unjustifiably justifiable anger economically/commercially justifiable Are these experiments morally justifiable?

Question 347

2 PRAISE [uncountable] approval or praise that you give to someone for something they have done

Answer 347

credit for Credit for this win goes to everybody in the team. They never give Gene any credit for all the extra work he does. take/claim/deserve etc (the) credit She deserves credit for trying her best. to somebody’s credit (=used to say that someone has done something good) To Jamie’s credit, he remained calm. Credit must go to Fiona for making sure everything ran smoothly.

Question 348

1 old-fashioned very good SYN excellent

Answer 348

``` a splendid idea a splendid opportunity The staff are doing a splendid job. 2 beautiful and impressive SYN magnificent All the rooms have splendid views. a splendid cathedral ```

Question 349

privilege

Answer 349

1 [countable] a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people He had no special privileges and was treated just like every other prisoner. the privilege of a good education امتیاز، برتری

Question 350

1 someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people

Answer 350

pioneer/ˌpaɪəˈnɪə John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation. He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology. 2 one of the first people to travel to a new country or area and begin living there, farming etc the early pioneers of the Dakota territory

Question 351

reformation

Answer 351

form formation transformation reformer reform reformation reformist transformer formlessness (adjective) reformed reformist formless (verb) form reform transform (adverb) formlessly

Question 352

if a process .............or if something .................it, it happens faster than usual or sooner than you expect

Answer 352

accelerate/əkˈseləreɪt speed up quicken

Question 353

easy to notice SYN obvious

Answer 353

apparent/əˈpærənt

Question 354

1 informal very good, especially in a way that makes you feel happy and excited SYN great

Answer 354

``` terrific/təˈrɪfɪk That’s a terrific idea! The actress who played the lawyer was terrific. 2 very large in size or degree a terrific bang He drank a terrific amount of beer. ```

Question 355

1 to respect and like someone because they have done something that you think is good, or to respect their qualities or skills

Answer 355

I really admire the way she brings up those kids all on her own. admire somebody for (doing) something Lewis was much admired for his work on medieval literature. I admire him for his courage (=I respect and like him). ✗Don’t say: I am admiring him. • Admire is often used in the progressive in meaning 2. You say: He was admiring himself in the mirror (=he was looking at himself). look up to somebody to admire someone who is older or who has more experience than you All the young comedians look up to him.

Question 356

a reason for being regarded as unusual or noteworthy.

Answer 356

claim to fame "the town's only claim to fame is that it is the birthplace of Elgar" a place or person’s claim to fame is the reason why they are famous – often used humorously to mention something that is not very important My main claim to fame is that I once shook Madonna’s hand.

Question 357

designate

Answer 357

appoint (someone) to a specified position. he was designated as prime minister appointed to an office or position but not yet installed.

Question 358

very calm or peaceful

Answer 358

``` serene/səˈriːn The child’s face was serene and beautiful. a serene mountain lake serenely serenity /səˈrenəti ```

Question 359

....................... people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else SYN native

Answer 359

indigenous/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs Blueberries are indigenous to America. the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia

Question 360

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

Answer 360

trait/treɪt | a mental illness associated with particular personality traits

Question 361

a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.► see thesaurus at animal

Answer 361

mammal/ˈmæməl | • More than 100 bird species and 35 mammal species have been identified at the park.

Question 362

an animal that eats flesh

Answer 362

carnivore/ˈkɑːrnəvɔːr

Question 363

an animal that only eats plants

Answer 363

herbivore/ˈhɜːrbəvɔːr

Question 364

to come together in a group OPP disperse

Answer 364

congregate/ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt | Crowds began to congregate to hear the president’s speech.

Question 365

informal able to think or act quickly and intelligently

Answer 365

on the ball | an assistant who’s really on the ball

Question 366

take something → on

Answer 366

2 take something → on to agree to do some work or to be responsible for something Gibson is taking on the post of vice president.

Question 367

Work Schedule

Answer 367

he is capable of taking on hectic work schedule

Question 368

later in the future, not immediately → long-term

Answer 368

in the long run | Moving to Spain will be better for you in the long run.

Question 369

2 do something ↔ up to repair an old building or car, or to improve its appearance

Answer 369

do up | They did up an old cottage in the Scottish Highlands.

Question 370

to make you dislike something or not want to do something

Answer 370

put somebody ↔ off Don’t let the restaurant’s decor put you off – the food is really good. put somebody off (doing) something Don’t let your failures put you off trying harder.

Question 371

the money that you have to spend regularly, for example on rent or food

Answer 371

outgoings/ˈaʊtˌɡəʊɪŋz | List all your outgoings for a month.

Question 372

1 very shocking and extremely unfair or offensive

Answer 372

``` outrageous outrageous prices an outrageous attack on his policies it is outrageous (that) It’s outrageous that the poor should pay such high taxes. ```

Question 373

.......... remark is unofficial and is not supposed to be made public

Answer 373

an off-the-record

Question 374

1 to make someone make a mistake, especially deliberately and in order to prove that they are lying

Answer 374

The interviewer may try to catch you out.

Question 375

1 the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

Answer 375

conscience/ˈkɒnʃəns a guilty/troubled conscience It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help. Well, at least I can face them all with a clear conscience (=the knowledge that you have done nothing wrong).

Question 376

5 the ability to feel relaxed or behave in a natural relaxed way

Answer 376

He had a natural ease which made him very popular. with great/considerable ease (=very easily) The car handles these mountain roads with great ease. with apparent ease (=seeming easy, although this may not be the case) I was amazed by the apparent ease with which she got through the security system.

Question 377

1 [countable, uncountable] the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time → income

Answer 377

expenditure/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə expenditure on research and development huge cuts in public expenditure (=the amount of money a government spends on services for the public) government expenditure on education capital expenditure (=spending by a company on buildings, machinery, equipment etc)

Question 378

1 a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent

Answer 378

lease/liːs They took out a lease on a seven-acre field. The landlord refused to renew his lease. have/hold a lease Who has the lease on the flat? take (out) a lease (=start having a lease) He took a seven-year lease on the place. renew a lease (=keep a lease for a longer period of time) The company decided not to renew the lease on the office. grant somebody a lease (=let someone have a lease) The landlord may grant a lease for a short or long period. sign a lease (=agree to the legal details of a lease by signing it) He refused to sign the new lease because the rent was too high.

Question 379

to use a needle and thread to make or repair clothes or to fasten something such as a button to them

Answer 379

sew I learned to sew at school. sew something on something Can you sew a patch on my jeans? sew something together She sewed the two sides together.

Question 380

1 a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing

Answer 380

trend Lately there has been a trend towards hiring younger, cheaper employees. recent trends in education The current trend is towards more part-time employment.

Question 381

the amount of business done during a particular period

Answer 381

turnover The illicit drugs industry has an annual turnover of some £200 billion. Turnover rose 9%.

Question 382

the facts, ideas, or things from which something can be developed

Answer 382

basis Their claim had no basis in fact (=it was not true). on a regular/daily/weekly etc basis (=regularly, every day, week, etc) I’m saving money on a regular basis. Board meetings are held on a weekly basis.

Question 383

behaving in a very honest and moral way

Answer 383

virtuous a virtuous man Sue considered herself very virtuous because she neither drank nor smoked. 2 old use not willing to have sex, at least until you are married

Question 384

1 staying in good condition for a long time, even if used a lot SYN hard-wearing

Answer 384

durable Wood is a durable material. 2 continuing for a long time SYN long-lasting His poetry has proved durable. durably adverb —durability /ˌdjʊərəˈbɪləti $ ˌdʊr-/ noun [uncountable]

Question 385

..... clothes or other goods are not wanted or have been thrown away

Answer 385

ˈcast-off

Question 386

fasten onto somebody/something

Answer 386

1 to give particular attention to something because you think it is important or interesting 2 to follow someone and stay with them, especially when they do not want you to SYN latch onto somebody The dog seemed lost and fastened onto us.

Question 387

a popular and fashionable style, activity, method etc SYN fashion

Answer 387

vogue/voʊɡ the vogue for large families in the pre-war years be in vogue/be the vogue Short skirts are very much in vogue just now. Suntanning first came into vogue in the mid-1930s.

Question 388

to bring in more supplies to replace those that have been used

Answer 388

restock | • These boxed kits are supplied to the dealers who restock it as the individual strings are sold.

Question 389

a) if something has ..............., it is changed or repaired so that it can continue

Answer 389

a new lease of life | Historic buildings can have a new lease of life through conversion.

Question 390

a) [transitive] to remove a load from a vehicle, ship etc

Answer 390

unload something from something | The driver unloaded some boxes from the back of the truck.

Question 391

a small mark, especially a mark on someone’s skin or on the surface of an object, that spoils its appearance

Answer 391

blemish

Question 392

pristine

Answer 392

1 extremely fresh or clean a pristine white shirt 2 something that is pristine is in the same condition as when it was first made The car has been restored to pristine condition. 3 not spoiled or damaged in any way pristine African rainforest

Question 393

surround syn

Answer 393

encircle The island was encircled by a dusty road. enfold The wizard screamed as the darkness enfolded him. He reached out to enfold her in his arms. envelop to cover or wrap something or someone up completely envelop in mountain peaks enveloped in mist the enveloping darkness

Question 394

to make something less painful or difficult to deal with

Answer 394

alleviate/əˈliːvieɪt alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu measures to alleviate poverty —alleviation /əˌliːviˈeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

Question 395

1 an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc agree to work together to try to change or achieve something

Answer 395

alliance/əˈlaɪəns alliance with Britain’s military alliance with her NATO partners alliance between the possibility of a political alliance between the two parties make/enter into/form/forge an alliance (=agree to work together) The companies have formed an alliance to market the product. 2 a group of two or more countries, groups etc who work together to achieve something independent organizations and alliances 3 → in alliance (with somebody/something) 4 formal a close relationship, especially a marriage, between people

Question 396

ally

Answer 396

1 a country that agrees to help or support another country in a war a meeting of the European allies 3 someone who helps and supports you when other people are trying to oppose you Ridley was one of the Queen’s closest allies.

Question 397

1 continuing for ever and having no end

Answer 397

eternal / the Christian promise of eternal life She’s an eternal optimist (=she always expects that good things will happen). permanent

Question 398

to stay in a place a little longer, waiting for something to happen

Answer 398

stick around Perhaps you’d like to stick around and watch? Tom will be sticking around for a while.

Question 399

to take control of something →

Answer 399

take something ↔ over His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over. Ruth moved into our apartment and promptly took over. takeover

Question 400

happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it

Answer 400

preliminary/prɪˈlɪmənəri the preliminary stages of the competition a preliminary draft preliminary to The discussions were preliminary to preparing a policy paper.

Question 401

extraordinaire

Answer 401

used, often humorously, to describe someone who is very good at doing something gardener/cakemaker/chef etc extraordinaire

Question 402

influenced by the most fashionable styles and ideas

Answer 402

trendy | a trendy Bay Area restaurant

Question 403

1 a small amount of a particular colour SYN shade, hue

Answer 403

tint | paper with a yellowish tint

Question 404

2 aware of the newest ideas and styles and therefore considered very fashionable

Answer 404

edgy The band has developed an edgy new image. She’s been edgy lately, waiting for the test results.

Question 405

a) if a place is ............., you are not allowed to go there SYN out of bounds

Answer 405

be off limits be off limits to/for Footpaths are, of course, off limits to bikers. b) if a subject is off limits, you are not allowed to talk about it Unlike most group discussions, nothing was off limits.

Question 406

1 in a real and sincere way

Answer 406

genuinely/ˈdʒenjuɪnli genuinely concerned/interested/surprised He was genuinely concerned for the children. His victims genuinely believed that he was helping them. 2 used for emphasizing a particular quality genuinely new information Matisse is a genuinely popular artist.

Question 407

genuine

Answer 407

ˈdʒenjuɪn 1 a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel SYN sincere genuine interest/concern/desire etc The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern for the disabled. a genuine fear of invasion ‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine. 2 something genuine really is what it seems to be SYN real We need laws that will protect genuine refugees. The strap is genuine leather.

Question 408

old-fashioned wise and careful use of money, so that none is wasted

Answer 408

thrift/θrɪft • You have to work at thrift. • Nor are we going to preach about the importance of inculcating children with the habit of thrift.

Question 409

a) if a place is ................. , it is in a quiet area

Answer 409

1 be tucked away The village of Eyam is tucked away behind the hills. b) if someone or something is tucked away, they are hidden or difficult to find The envelope was tucked away in her jewel box.

Question 410

come out with

Answer 410

say (something) in a sudden, rude, or incautious way. | "a gentleman should not come out with those remarks"

Question 411

a newspaper that has small pages, a lot of photographs, and stories mainly about sex, famous people etc rather than serious news → broadsheet► see thesaurus at newspaper

Answer 411

tabloid/ˈtæblɔɪd

Question 412

go by

Answer 412

rely on , judgge something by one has heard, seen , read

Question 413

an experience from which you learn something surprising or new

Answer 413

eye-opener | The whole trip has been a real eye-opener.

Question 414

exactly according to rules or instructions

Answer 414

by the book an experience from which you learn something surprising or new She feels she has to go by the book and can’t use her creativity. do/play something by the book The police were careful to do everything by the book.

Question 415

if people ............., their relationship gradually ends

Answer 415

drift apart | Over the years my college friends and I have drifted apart.

Question 416

very serious and sincere

Answer 416

earnest a rather earnest young man Matthews was in earnest conversation with a young girl. an earnest desire to offer something useful to society

Question 417

1 [countable] an area surrounded by a wall or fence, and used for a particular purpose

Answer 417

enclosure/ɪnˈkləʊʒə the bear enclosure at the zoo 2 [uncountable] the act of making an area separate by putting a wall or fence around it the enclosure of arable land for pasture

Question 418

to make someone breathe again or become conscious after they have almost died → revive

Answer 418

resuscitate/rɪˈsʌsɪteɪt Doctors managed to resuscitate him. resuscitation mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (=when you breathe air into someone’s mouth to make them breathe) • She had been resuscitated and her condition improved.

Question 419

informal if you can see something a mile off, it is very easy to notice

Answer 419

can see/spot/tell something a mile off You can tell a mile off that he likes you. spot off = notive

Question 420

solicit

Answer 420

to offer to have sex with someone in exchange for money She was arrested for soliciting. 2 [intransitive, transitive] formal to ask someone for money, help, or information Morgan is accused of illegally soliciting campaign contributions. solicit something from somebody The governor sent two officials to Mexico City to solicit aid from the president. 3 [intransitive, transitive] American English to try to sell a product or service by taking it to homes or businesses and showing it to the people there No soliciting on company premises is allowed.

Question 421

work up

Answer 421

4 work something ↔ up to develop and improve something such as a project or a piece of writing Jack took notes which he would work up into a report later. 2 work up an appetite/a thirst/a sweat to make yourself hungry or thirsty, or make yourself sweat, especially by doing physical exercise You can work up a really big thirst playing tennis. 1 work up enthusiasm/interest/courage etc to make yourself feel interested, brave etc I’m trying to work up enough courage to go to the dentist.

Question 422

consistency

Answer 422

1 the quality of always being the same, doing things in the same way, having the same standards etc – used to show approval OPP inconsistency Consumer groups are demanding greater consistency in the labelling of food products.ثبات، توافق

Question 423

persistence

Answer 423

1 determination to do something even though it is difficult or other people oppose it Her persistence paid off when she was offered the job of manager. ‘Why can’t I come?’ repeated Will with dogged persistence.

Question 424

dogged

Answer 424

dogged behaviour shows that you are very determined to continue doing something a dogged determination to succeed

Question 425

a quick visit because you do not have much time

Answer 425

a flying visit | • Its inventor looks like he's on a flying visit to the twentieth century.

Question 426

to do something surprising

Answer 426

spring a surprise (on) Roy is unlikely to spring any surprises. • Calvin Smith, the world-record holder, could always spring a surprise. • Theo distracted him from this gloomy conclusion by springing a surprise on him.

Question 427

a priest in the Church of England who is in charge of a church in a particular area

Answer 427

vicar | • Most of the congregation at Drayton would certainly welcome their Minister-in-Charge becoming a vicar.

Question 428

to go to an event for a short time, because you think you should rather than because you want to

Answer 428

put in an appearance/make an appearance | At least Marc managed to put in an appearance at the party.

Question 429

whirlwind /

Answer 429

a whirlwind situation or event happens very quickly | a whirlwind romance

Question 430

to provide the things that are needed for (an event, such as a meeting or convention)

Answer 430

play host to. : | Each year, the city plays host to the film festival for one week.

Question 431

pay (somebody) a call/visit

Answer 431

to visit a person or place I decided to pay my folks a visit. pay (somebody) a call/visit to If you have time, pay a visit to the City Art Gallery.

Question 432

baffle

Answer 432

if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all The question baffled me completely. We were all utterly baffled. baffled

Question 433

nuisance

Answer 433

a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems a real/awful/terrible etc nuisance I hate to be a nuisance .../Sorry to be a nuisance ... I hate to be a nuisance, but could you move your car to the other side of the street?

Question 434

a serious disease that causes spots which leave marks on your skin

Answer 434

smallpox/ˈsmɒːlpɑːks

Question 435

something that is .................. must be done because it is the law or because someone in authority orders you to → voluntary

Answer 435

the threat of compulsory redundancies compulsory schooling/education 11 years of compulsory education Car insurance is compulsory. obligatory [not usually before noun] if something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law. Obligatory is more formal than compulsory optional if something is optional, you can choose whether to do it or not You don’t have to do French – it’s optional. voluntary done because you want to do it and not because you have to – used especially about things that you do because you think they will help other people or be useful The programme is entirely voluntary, and no one will be forced to join.

Question 436

an illness that is not very serious

Answer 436

ailment/ˈeɪlmənt minor ailments • Coughs and colds and minor ailments began to seem poor substitutes for the wounds everybody had been expecting when the bombs fell.

Question 437

millennium/mɪˈleniəm

Answer 437

1 a period of 1,000 years people who have inhabited this land for millennia millennia

Question 438

someone who studies history, or the history of a particular thing

Answer 438

historian/hɪˈstɔːriən | art/literary/military etc historian

Question 439

the state of being kept safe, or the action of keeping something safe

Answer 439

safekeeping safekeeping My passport was in the inner pocket of my bag, for safekeeping

Question 440

lodestone

Answer 440

a piece of magnetite or other naturally magnetized mineral, able to be used as a magnet.

Question 441

unable to leave your bed, especially because you are old or ill

Answer 441

bedridden | • In 1999 he took the key role of the bedridden father in the ensemble piece Magnolia.

Question 442

1 tired and almost asleep SYN sleepy

Answer 442

The drug can make you drowsy. drowsily drowsiness • Cold medicines can make you feel drowsy.

Question 443

2 MAKE SOMEBODY TIRED [transitive] to make someone feel very tired and without any energy

Answer 443

drain | Working with children all day really drains you.

Question 444

something that helps a process to develop more quickly or more strongly

Answer 444

stimulus/ˈstɪmjələs Tax cuts provided the stimulus which the slow economy needed. The discovery of oil acted as a stimulus to industrial development.

Question 445

1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

Answer 445

intimidate/ɪnˈtɪmədeɪt intimidate somebody into doing something They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them. Attempts to intimidate her failed. 2 to make someone feel worried and not confident The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me. —intimidation /ɪnˌtɪməˈdeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] She had endured years of intimidation and violence. the intimidation of voters

Question 446

1 technical the top or highest part of something pointed or curved

Answer 446

apex/ˈeɪpeks the apex of the roof the apex of a pyramid 2 formal the most important position in an organization or society The king was at the apex of society. 3 formal the most successful part of something SYN peak He was at the apex of his career.

Question 447

vi‧cious

Answer 447

1 violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically a vicious murder a vicious killer Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious. ► see thesaurus at cruel, violent 2 very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad SYN malicious Sarah can be quite vicious at times. a vicious personal attack on the Duchess She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice. 3 unpleasantly strong or severe SYN violent a vicious gust of wind a vicious headache —viciously adverb He twisted her arm viciously.

Question 448

go part time

Answer 448

after retruning from maternity leave, i decided to go part time

Question 449

when two people share one full-time job, dividing the hours and work between them

Answer 449

ˈjob ˌsharing noun [uncountable] ``` What is your company’s policy on job sharing? a job-sharing scheme —job share verb [intransitive] We have job shared for two years now. —job share noun [countable] women working in job shares ```

Question 450

happening completely by chance without being planned →

Answer 450

coincidental purely/completely/entirely coincidental Any similarity between this film and real events is purely coincidental. —coincidentally adverb [sentence adverb] We have become profitable. Not coincidentally, we have only half as many employees as we did in 1988.

Question 451

animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm → cattle

Answer 451

livestock | • E coli is a by-product of intensive livestock practices.

Question 452

work as a doctor

Answer 452

practice medicine

Question 453

showing in a gentle way that you love someone and care about them SYN loving

Answer 453

``` affectionate affectionate towards Jo is very affectionate towards her. an affectionate hug —affectionately adverb ```

Question 454

unable to leave your bed, especially because you are old or ill

Answer 454

bedridden | • In 1999 he took the key role of the bedridden father in the ensemble piece Magnolia.

Question 455

1 tired and almost asleep SYN sleepy

Answer 455

The drug can make you drowsy. drowsily drowsiness

Question 456

happening or making progress more quickly than is usual

Answer 456

fast-track | a fast-track procedure for adoption

Question 457

to know what is most important and needs attention first

Answer 457

get your priorities right (also get your priorities straight American English) We need to get our priorities right.

Question 458

1 WORKERS [countable, uncountable] the people who work for an organization

Answer 458

staff Our department has a staff of seven. The entire staff has done an outstanding job this year. They employ a total of 150 staff. The staff were very helpful. full-time/part-time staff The school has over 100 full-time staff. permanent/temporary staff Much of the work is done by temporary staff. senior/junior staff I have taken on board the comments of my senior staff. medical/academic/technical etc staff We would like to thank all the medical staff at Broadgreen Hospital. hospital/library/office etc staff He had responsibility for training library staff. support staff (=office staff, technical staff etc) A school needs good support staff. trained/qualified staff Recruitment of trained staff was a continuing problem.

Question 459

a) to get rid of something that you do not want

Answer 459

Ellie dumped all the photos of her ex-husband. He dumped her body into the sea. b) to get rid of waste material by taking it from people’s houses and burying it under the soil Britain dumps more of its waste than any other European country.

Question 460

relating to a woman who is pregnant or who has just had a baby →

Answer 460

maternity/məˈtɜːnəti paternity a maternity dress maternity benefits/pay etc (=money that the government or employers give to a woman after she has had a baby) • Laws extending health insurance and maternity leave?

Question 461

to burn something with a sudden powerful heat

Answer 461

sear | The heat seared their skin.

Question 462

when two people share one full-time job, dividing the hours and work between them

Answer 462

ˈjob ˌsharing noun [uncountable] ``` What is your company’s policy on job sharing? a job-sharing scheme —job share verb [intransitive] We have job shared for two years now. —job share noun [countable] women working in job shares ```

Question 463

the distance between the place where food is produced and the place where it is eaten, which is a way of measuring its harmful effect on the environment

Answer 463

food miles Reducing food miles would reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Question 464

the practice of doing things that will make your activities carbon neutral

Answer 464

carbon offsetting | There are websites that let you buy carbon offsets.

Question 465

work as a doctor

Answer 465

practice medicine

Question 466

1 [countable] if you find your .........., you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you

Answer 466

niche/niːʃ Amanda soon found her niche at the club. He’s managed to create a niche for himself in local politics. 2 [singular] an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc niche in He spotted a niche in the market. create/carve out a niche (=do something in a particular way that is different to and better than anyone else) She had carved out a niche for herself as a children's television presenter.

Question 467

someone who has a similar job to yours in another organization or department

Answer 467

opposite number | They liaised with their opposite numbers in the foreign subsidiaries for the production of publicity.

Question 468

something that is ..........................exists in such large amounts that it can never be finished or used up

Answer 468

inexhaustible/ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔːstəbəl She has an inexhaustible supply of funny stories. a man of inexhaustible energy

Question 469

happening or making progress more quickly than is usual

Answer 469

fast-track1 | a fast-track procedure for adoption

Question 470

to practise and improve your skills or your knowledge of something that you learned in the past

Answer 470

brush up (on) something I must brush up on my French before I go to Paris. I have already said how little I knew about cancer, and I now began to brush up on it.

Question 471

to criticize someone and make them feel silly or stupid SYN belittle

Answer 471

put somebody ↔ down I hate the way Dave puts me down the whole time. put yourself down Stop putting yourself down.

Question 472

a) to criticize someone

Answer 472

have a go You’re always having a go. have a go at Will you stop having a go at me! have a go at somebody for/about something Mum had a go at me for not doing my homework.

Question 473

1 not complete

Answer 473

partial Word family (noun) part counterpart parting partition (adjective) partial parting part (verb) part partition (adverb) part partially partly The exhibition was only a partial success. a partial solution to traffic congestion in Oxford

Question 474

lay out

Answer 474

3 EXPLAIN to describe or explain something clearly SYN set out The financial considerations are laid out in a booklet called ‘How to Borrow Money’. 2 ARRANGE to arrange or plan a building, town, garden etc SYN set out The garden is laid out in a formal pattern.

Question 475

the distance between the place where food is produced and the place where it is eaten, which is a way of measuring its harmful effect on the environment

Answer 475

Reducing food miles would reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Question 476

the practice of doing things that will make your activities carbon neutral

Answer 476

carbon offsetting | There are websites that let you buy carbon offsets.

Question 477

2 something that consists of or comes from a mixture of two or more other things

Answer 477

hybrid | hybrid architecture

Question 478

1 in or under the sea and not far from the coast →

Answer 478

offshore inshore, onshore offshore oil fields an offshore island

Question 479

a tax, for example a tax on fuel, that is intended to reduce harm to the environment

Answer 479

green tax

Question 480

something that is ..........................exists in such large amounts that it can never be finished or used up

Answer 480

inexhaustible/ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔːstəbəl She has an inexhaustible supply of funny stories. a man of inexhaustible energy

Question 481

a fairly large amount or to a fairly large degree

Answer 481

quite a bit She’s quite a bit older than you, isn’t she? He knows quite a bit about painting. quite a bit of I expect you do quite a bit of travelling? quite a bit more/less They’re worth quite a bit more than I thought.

Question 482

to practise and improve your skills or your knowledge of something that you learned in the past

Answer 482

brush up (on) something I must brush up on my French before I go to Paris. • I have already said how little I knew about cancer, and I now began to brush up on it.

Question 483

to criticize someone and make them feel silly or stupid SYN belittle

Answer 483

put somebody ↔ down I hate the way Dave puts me down the whole time. put yourself down Stop putting yourself down.

Question 484

a) to criticize someone

Answer 484

have a go You’re always having a go. have a go at Will you stop having a go at me! have a go at somebody for/about something Mum had a go at me for not doing my homework.

Question 485

1 extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately

Answer 485

imperative/ɪmˈperətɪv | It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators.

Question 486

lay out

Answer 486

3 EXPLAIN to describe or explain something clearly SYN set out

Question 487

1 reasonable, practical, and showing good judgment

Answer 487

sensible She seems very sensible. sensible advice It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number. Moving house seemed like the sensible thing to do. ► A sensible person is reasonable and shows good judgment. A sensitive person is easily upset, or understands other people’s feelings and problems. 2 suitable for a particular purpose, and practical rather than fashionable Eat a sensible diet and exercise daily. an old woman in sensible shoes and a neat skirt 3 formal noticeable a sensible increase in temperature insensibility= the state of being unconscious senseless=happening or done for no good reason or with no purpose, Her death seemed such a senseless waste of life.

Question 488

if something ....... you, you cannot understand or explain it at all

Answer 488

``` baffle The question baffled me completely. baffled adjective We were all utterly baffled. —baffling adjective a baffling mystery ```

Question 489

to get an illness

Answer 489

come down with something I think I’m coming down with a cold. • She came down with this summer flu everyone's getting and went home before I got in.

Question 490

responsible for the effects of your actions and willing to explain or be criticized for them

Answer 490

accountable to The government should be accountable to all the people of the country.accountable for Managers must be accountable for their decisions. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it gives. accountability

Question 491

to break something such as corn or coffee beans into small pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces

Answer 491

a) (also grind up) grind freshly ground pepper b) American English to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a machine 1 [singular] something that is hard work and physically or mentally tiring I find the journey to work a real grind. workers emerging from their daily grind in the factory

Question 492

two problems or situations that are so closely connected that they are really just two parts of the same thing

Answer 492

two sides of the same coin | Great opportunity and great danger are two sides of the same coin.

Question 493

a large building for storing large quantities of goods

Answer 493

warehouse/ˈweəhaʊs

Question 494

sheer

Answer 494

1 → the sheer weight/size etc2 → sheer luck/happiness/stupidity etc3 a sheer drop, cliff, slope etc is very steep and almost vertical4 sheer nylon, silk etc is very thin and fine, so that it is almost transparent

Question 495

1 to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of

Answer 495

dispose of something an incinerator built to dispose of toxic waste 2 to sell something, especially part of a business I am still not sure how best to dispose of the shares. 3 formal to deal with something such as a problem or question successfully Your idea at least disposes of the immediate problem.4 to defeat an opponent Two goals by Raúl disposed of Barcelona.

Question 496

to control or limit something in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect

Answer 496

curb measures to curb the spread of the virus curb on We are trying to keep a curb on their activities.

Question 497

to be very likely to do or feel a particular thing

Answer 497

be bound to Don’t lie to her. She’s bound to find out. it is bound to be (=used to say that something should have been expected) ‘It’s hot!’ ‘Well, it was bound to be – I just took it out of the oven.’ When you are dealing with so many patients, mistakes are bound to happen. Bound to is used mainly in spoken English. In written English, people usually use certain to, it is inevitable that instead: Mistakes are bound to happen. → It is inevitable that mistakes will happen.

Question 498

2avoid something that is difficult or causes problems for you

Answer 498

get round something | Most companies manage to get round the restrictions.

Question 499

spoken to regularly tell someone the most recent news about something

Answer 499

keep somebody posted | I’ll keep you posted on his progress.

Question 500

1 if a problem ......, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way SYN arise

Answer 500

2 if something such as a name or a subject crops up, it appears in something you read or hear SYN come up Your name kept cropping up in conversation.

Question 501

to keep being unable to make a final decision about something

Answer 501

dither/ˈdɪðə dither over/about/between He accused the government of dithering over the deal. Stop dithering, girl, and get on with it! • No weakness was tolerated, no dithering allowed. • For those still tempted to dither, consider this. تردید داشتن

Question 502

easy to recognize

Answer 502

unmistakable the unmistakable sound of gunfire obvious• His name is incorrectly spelt in the caption as N V Matovski, but the face is unmistakable.

Question 503

two problems or situations that are so closely connected that they are really just two parts of the same thing

Answer 503

two sides of the same coin | Great opportunity and great danger are two sides of the same coin.

Question 504

to be or feel unfairly treated

Answer 504

be/feel hard done by | As a child I felt hard done by, living so far away from my friends.

Question 505

exploit

Answer 505

make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource). 1 to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers. 2 to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.

Question 506

to ask someone for information or help

Answer 506

so‧li‧cit /səˈlɪsɪt/ solicit something from somebody He admitted that he solicited $34 million from 1,000 investors.

Question 507

to neither make a profit nor lose money

Answer 507

break even We’re hoping that we’ll at least break even, and perhaps make a small profit.

Question 508

to include someone in an activity

Answer 508

count somebody in When the game gets started, you can count me in.

Question 509

2avoid something that is difficult or causes problems for you

Answer 509

get round something | Most companies manage to get round the restrictions.

Question 510

spoken to regularly tell someone the most recent news about something

Answer 510

keep somebody posted | I’ll keep you posted on his progress.

Question 511

1 if a problem ......, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way SYN arise

Answer 511

2 if something such as a name or a subject crops up, it appears in something you read or hear SYN come up Your name kept cropping up in conversation.

Question 512

a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially on a long plane journey

Answer 512

stopover | a two-day stopover in Hong Kong

Question 513

if someone is............. something, or if something is about to happen, they will do it or it will happen very soon

Answer 513

be about to do something We were just about to leave when Jerry arrived. Work was about to start on a new factory building.

Question 514

b) if you are on standby to do something, for example to travel by plane, you are on a list of people who may be allowed to do it if places become available

Answer 514

on standby | We can put you on standby.

Question 515

1 a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure SYN hike

Answer 515

trek a lonely trek through the forest 2 informal a distance that seems long when you walk it I’m afraid it’s a bit of a trek to the station. go trekking

Question 516

willing to do dangerous things or go to dangerous places – often used humorously SYN brave

Answer 516

intrepid | intrepid explorers

Question 517

something that is ..... is so unusual that it has not happened or been known before

Answer 517

unheard of | Travel for pleasure was almost unheard of until the 19th century.

Question 518

a ............ thing or event is one that you want very much

Answer 518

longed-for the birth of her first longed-for child

Question 519

feelings of happiness and energy, especially when you are having fun

Answer 519

high spirits It was a bright sunny day and we set off in high spirits. I don’t think they intended any harm – it was just high spirits. • He is in high spirits... their spirits were high

Question 520

while

Answer 520

whilst

Question 521

keep your eyes peeled/skinned

Answer 521

spoken to watch carefully and continuously for something | She stumbled along, keeping her eyes peeled for a phone box.

Question 522

1 to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms and legs bent close to your body

Answer 522

I just wanted to curl up and go to sleep. | Sarah was curled up on the sofa.

Question 523

a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially on a long plane journey

Answer 523

stopover | a two-day stopover in Hong Kong

Question 524

not costing a lot of money

Answer 524

low-cost | government initiatives to increase the supply of low-cost housing

Question 525

b) if you are on standby to do something, for example to travel by plane, you are on a list of people who may be allowed to do it if places become available

Answer 525

on standby | We can put you on standby.

Question 526

1 a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure SYN hike

Answer 526

trek a lonely trek through the forest 2 informal a distance that seems long when you walk it I’m afraid it’s a bit of a trek to the station. go trekking

Question 527

willing to do dangerous things or go to dangerous places – often used humorously SYN brave

Answer 527

intrepid | intrepid explorers

Question 528

1 a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed

Answer 528

wilderness the Alaskan wilderness 2 a place that seems no longer used or cared for by anyone The garden was a wilderness. The south side of the city had become a lawless wilderness. سرزمین بکر،

Question 529

a ............ thing or event is one that you want very much

Answer 529

longed-for the birth of her first longed-for child

Question 530

feelings of happiness and energy, especially when you are having fun

Answer 530

high spirits It was a bright sunny day and we set off in high spirits. I don’t think they intended any harm – it was just high spirits. • He is in high spirits... their spirits were high

Question 531

while

Answer 531

whilst

Question 532

keep your eyes peeled/skinned

Answer 532

spoken to watch carefully and continuously for something | She stumbled along, keeping her eyes peeled for a phone box.

Question 533

1 to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms and legs bent close to your body

Answer 533

I just wanted to curl up and go to sleep. | Sarah was curled up on the sofa.

Question 534

1 to make someone feel calm or as if they want to sleep

Answer 534

The hum of the tyres on the road lulled her to sleep. 2 to make someone feel safe and confident so that they are completely surprised when something bad happens lull somebody into (doing) something The police lulled me into believing that they did not suspect us.

Question 535

to start to become successful or to feel better or happier, after a time when you have been unsuccessful, ill, or unhappy

Answer 535

turn the corner We knew Dad had turned the corner when he started complaining about the hospital food. • A superior actor might have turned the corner on this film.

Question 536

1 a hollow area in the surface of something, usually made by something hitting it

Answer 536

dent | There was a large dent in the passenger door.

Question 537

1 DO WORK get through something to do an amount of work

Answer 537

get through We got through half the application forms this morning. We’ve got a lot of work to get through.

Question 538

2 STORY [transitive] to put many different ideas, subjects, stories etc together and connect them smoothly

Answer 538

weave1 She weaves a complicated plot of romance and intrigue. weave something together the complex patterns which evolve when individuals’ lives are woven together

Question 539

1 able to move quickly and easily

Answer 539

agile Dogs are surprisingly agile. 2 someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently He was physically strong and mentally agile. —agility /əˈdʒɪləti/ noun [uncountable] With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.

Question 540

1 [countable] an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to help pay for their education

Answer 540

scholarship scholarship to She won a scholarship to Iowa State University. on a scholarship He attended college on a drama scholarship. win a scholarship

Question 541

subjects that have to be studied at a school or college

Answer 541

core curriculum/subjects/skills etc the national core curriculum the core subjects of English, maths, and science Schools have to deliver the core skills. main

Question 542

British English a book that must be studied for an examination

Answer 542

set book/text etc | • So was Naipaul, the writer of a book which was a classroom set text.

Question 543

2 someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, especially one that is not a science subject

Answer 543

scholar a Shakespearean scholar 3 someone who has been given a scholarship to study at a school or college He was a King’s scholar at Eton College.

Question 544

1 to put your name on a list for something because you want to take part in it

Answer 544

sign up for I’m thinking of signing up for a yoga course. sign up to do something Over half the people who signed up to do engineering were women. 2 sign somebody ↔ up if someone is signed up by an organization, they sign a contract in which they agree to work for that organization enroll on

Question 545

1 [only before noun] very easy to notice SYN noticeable

Answer 545

marked a marked lack of enthusiasm The patient showed a marked improvement in her condition after changing medication. Miller’s organized desk stood in marked contrast to the rest of the office.

Question 546

1 LISTEN/LOOK/THINK CAREFULLY [uncountable] when you carefully listen to, look at, or think about someone or something

Answer 546

attention My attention wasn’t really on the game. She tried to pay attention to what he was saying. If you paid more attention in class, you might actually learn something! As a society we need to give more attention to the needs of older people. During the lecture Sarah’s attention began to wander. somebody’s attention wanders (=someone stops listening, watching etc carefully) During the service, her mind began to wander.

Question 547

1 [countable] the state of being able to do something

Answer 547

high/low/average ability a group of low ability pupils Many of these students are of above average ability. Children of high ability demand more absorbing tasks. great/considerable ability He was a young man of great ability. These drawings required considerable ability on the part of the artist. remarkable/outstanding/exceptional ability a writer of remarkable ability The company aims to select people of outstanding ability. his exceptional ability as a swimmer natural ability (also innate ability formal) (=an ability that you are born with) He didn't have the natural ability of his brother. Babies have an innate ability to do simple maths. physical/athletic ability He has considerable athletic ability. artistic/creative ability You do not need to have any artistic ability. musical ability Tim showed musical ability at an early age. have the ability to do something (also possess the ability to do something formal) She has the ability to make people feel relaxed. show/demonstrate the ability to do something a chance for candidates to demonstrate their abilities

Question 548

1 DECISIONS [uncountable] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do

Answer 548

initiative I wish my son would show more initiative. Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative. Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative (=he was not told what to do).

Question 549

1 a student who stays away from school without permission

Answer 549

truant persistent truants British English to stay away from school without permission SYN skive British English, play hooky American English • Billy was caught playing truant and has been given extra homework for a month.

Question 550

if something proliferates, it increases quickly and spreads to many different places

Answer 550

proliferate/prəˈlɪfəreɪt | Computer courses continue to proliferate.

Question 551

a small group of specially trained people in a profession, political party, or military force

Answer 551

cadre/ˈkædri | a cadre of highly trained scientists

Question 552

1 a person, team, company etc that is competing with another

Answer 552

competitor Last year they sold twice as many computers as their competitors. major/main competitors The company’s four major competitors have nothing to rival the new product.

Question 553

2 [countable usually singular, uncountable] when there is confusion about something, and things are done wrong as a result

Answer 553

muddle Our accountant finally managed to sort out the muddle. muddle over/about There was a bit of a muddle over our hotel reservations. 1 to put things in the wrong order Someone’s muddled up all the papers on my desk. The government seems to have lost its way and muddled its priorities.

Question 554

a young person who has a great natural ability in a subject or skill → genius

Answer 554

prodigy/ˈprɒdɪdʒi Mozart was a musical prodigy. • She was an authentic prodigy, first appearing with an orchestra at age 7.

Question 555

to give someone anything they want in order to please them, even if it seems unreasonable or unnecessary – used to show disapproval

Answer 555

Some newspapers feel they have to pander to the prejudices of their readers. Highly trained staff will pander to your every whim.

Question 556

1 to make someone feel pleased and satisfied

Answer 556

gratify/ˈɡrætɪfaɪ He was gratified by Lucy’s response. be gratified to see/hear/learn etc John was gratified to see the improvement in his mother’s health. 2 to satisfy a desire, need etc She did not propose to gratify Gloria’s curiosity any further. —gratification /ˌɡrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ noun [countable, uncountable] sexual gratification

Question 557

pander to somebody/something

Answer 557

to give someone anything they want in order to please them, even if it seems unreasonable or unnecessary – used to show disapproval Some newspapers feel they have to pander to the prejudices of their readers. Highly trained staff will pander to your every whim.

Question 558

1 a badly behaved child

Answer 558

brat | a spoiled brat

Question 559

not satisfied with your government, leader etc, and therefore no longer loyal to them or no longer believing they can help you

Answer 559

disaffected the disaffected youth from poor neighborhoods • Last-minute concessions had been made to disaffected groups to win their support. ناراضی

Question 560

1 [only before noun] law relating to young people who are not yet adults

Answer 560

``` juvenile crime a juvenile court 2 silly and typical of a child rather than an adult – used to show disapproval SYN childish a very juvenile sense of humour نوجوان ```

Question 561

1 behaving in a way that is illegal or that society does not approve of → criminal

Answer 561

delinquent delinquent girls/boys/children/teenagers 2 technical a delinquent debt, account etc has not been paid on time the recovery of delinquent loans

Question 562

literary to realize that you have been behaving badly and decide to stop

Answer 562

see the error of your ways | • In fact Brian Moore reckoned it would take only twelve days for the administrators to see the error of their ways.

Question 563

to believe that something is true without making sure

Answer 563

take it for granted (that) | He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.

Question 564

to realize that you are not as young or active as you used to be

Answer 564

feel your age | Looking at his grandson made him really feel his age.

Question 565

1 a sudden feeling of slight pain

Answer 565

twinge/twɪndʒ | I felt a twinge of pain in my back.

Question 566

1 air that is hazy is not clear because there is a lot of smoke, dust, or mist in it

Answer 566

hazy 2 an idea, memory etc that is hazy is not clear or exact SYN vague My memories of the holiday are rather hazy. hazy about She was a little hazy about the details.

Question 567

1 someone who is .............is easily affected by emotions such as love, sympathy, sadness etc, often in a way that seems silly to other people

Answer 567

sentimental/ˌsentəˈmentl | She said a sentimental goodbye.

Question 568

to read or look at something very carefully for a long time

Answer 568

pore over something | She was poring over a book.

Question 569

to make someone have a particular feeling, thought etc again SYN reawaken

Answer 569

rekindle/riːˈkɪndl | The trial has rekindled painful memories of the war.

Question 570

undivided

Answer 570

1 [usually before noun] complete I’ll give the matter my undivided attention. 2 not separated into smaller parts an undivided country

Question 571

come to no harm/not come to any harm

Answer 571

to not be hurt or damaged | She was relieved to see the children had come to no harm.

Question 572

1 to become popular and fashionable

Answer 572

catch on The idea of glasses being a fashion item has been slow to catch on. 2 to begin to understand or realize something to It was a long time before the police caught on to what he was really doing.

Question 573

2 legally responsible for the cost of something

Answer 573

liable/ˈlaɪəbəl liable for people who are liable for income tax at a higher rate 3 likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc SYN prone liable to You’re more liable to injury when you don’t get regular exercise.

Question 574

1 strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising

Answer 574

peculiar/pɪˈkjuːliə There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen. Something peculiar is going on. It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.

Question 575

1 [intransitive, transitive] to ask for something that you want very much, in a sincere and emotional way SYN beg

Answer 575

``` plead/pliːd ‘Don’t go!’ Robert pleaded. plead for Civil rights groups pleaded for government help. plead with somebody (to do something) Moira pleaded with him to stay. ```

Question 576

1 formal to move someone or something to a more important level or rank, or make them better than before SYN raise

Answer 576

elevate Language has elevated humans above the other animals. elevate somebody/something to something Their purpose is to elevate AIDS to the top of government priorities.

Question 577

1 an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country, using violence → coup, revolution

Answer 577

``` rebellion an armed rebellion rebellion against a rebellion against the military regime in rebellion The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King. ```

Question 578

an attempt by a group of people to change the government, laws etc in an area or country SYN rebellion

Answer 578

uprising a popular uprising (=by the ordinary people in a country) an armed uprising

Question 579

used when giving your opinion to say that there are good reasons why something might be true

Answer 579

Senna was arguably the greatest racing driver of all time.

Question 580

a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful

Answer 580

What attributes should a good manager possess? attribute something to somebody/something 1 to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something 1 to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.

Question 581

1 appearing to have a particular quality, when this may or may not be true SYN apparently

Answer 581

seemingly The new minister was faced with a seemingly impossible task. seemingly unaware/oblivious Alice was standing in the street, seemingly oblivious to the rain. 2 [sentence adverb] formal according to the facts as you know them SYN apparently There is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plans going ahead.

Question 582

informal someone who tries to look or behave like someone famous or like a particular type of successful person, because they want to be like them – usually used to show disapproval → would-be

Answer 582

wannabe/ˈwɒnəbi | a load of Michael Schumacher wannabes trying to show what they can do on the track

Question 583

to compete very hard with someone in order to get something

Answer 583

vie for Simon and Julian were vying for her attention all through dinner. vie with There are at least twenty restaurants vying with each other for custom. vie to do something All the photographers vied to get the best pictures.

Question 584

to express formal support or approval for someone or something

Answer 584

endorse endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view. ► see thesaurus at support 1 to sign a formal document for something that you own so that ownership changes to someone else تائید کردن ، پشت نویسین کدن

Question 585

something that you get legally from your work in addition to your wages, such as goods, meals, or a car

Answer 585

perk theatre tickets and other perks the perks of working at a large law firm I only eat here because it’s free – one of the perks of the job.

Question 586

1 [uncountable] the state of not being known or remembered

Answer 586

``` fade/slide/sink etc into obscurity The group produced two albums before disappearing into obscurity. live/work/remain etc in obscurity O'Brien died in obscurity. from obscurity to something She rose from obscurity to stardom. ```

Question 587

1 to make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret SYN reveal

Answer 587

disclose

Question 588

a man who has been chosen to speak officially for a group, organization, or government → spokesperson

Answer 588

spokesman a White House spokesman spokesman for a spokesman for the victims’ families

Question 589

survey

Answer 589

1 a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour → poll carry out/conduct a survey (=do a survey) We conducted a survey of parents in the village. survey of a survey of US businesses survey shows/reveals (that) The survey showed that Britain’s trees are in good health. 2 an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it → surveyor

Question 590

to talk about a religious subject in a public place, especially in a church during a service

Answer 590

preach preach to Christ began preaching to large crowds. preach on/about The vicar preached a sermon about the prodigal son. He traveled the southern states, preaching the gospel.

Question 591

1 excellent and providing a good example for people to follow

Answer 591

exemplary/ɪɡˈzempləri | ɪɡˈzempləri

Question 592

theft

Answer 592

1 [uncountable] the crime of stealing → thief, burglary, robbery Car theft is on the increase. an arrest for petty theft (=stealing small things) Three men were charged with attempted theft. car theft British English, auto theft American English: Northern Ireland had one of the highest levels of car theft in Europe. identity theft (=when someone steals your personal information and uses it to obtain goods or money) Credit card companies and banks bear the financial loss, rather than the victim of the identity theft. petty theft (=the stealing of something that is not very valuable) There had been a rash of petty thefts in the hotel. art theft Robbers stole paintings worth £25 million in the French Riviera’s biggest art theft.

Question 593

a serious crime such as murder → misdemeanour►

Answer 593

felony | Then you had got to have good grounds to believe that they were going to commit a felony.

Question 594

someone who copies the way that other people look, speak, and behave, as part of a performance

Answer 594

impersonator | • He also moonlights as a Hulk Hogan impersonator.

Question 595

infringe

Answer 595

to do something that is against a law or someone’s legal rights A backup copy of a computer program does not infringe copyright. the infringement of human rights