Food bioactives (functional foods

Question 1

define functional foods

Answer 1

foods that perform a health function

Question 2

supporting argument for every food being functional

Answer 2

all foods contain functional nutrients
-energy released during digestion
-some converted into bioactive molecules

Question 3

Invest australia definition

Answer 3

food or food components that may provide demonstrated phsyiological benefit or reduce risk of chronic disease, above and beyond basic nutritional functions

Question 4

IFT definition

Answer 4

food or food ocmponent that provide a healthy benefit above and beyond basic nutrition (for intended population).
provide essential nutrients beyond quantities needed for normal/basic requirements

Question 5

IFT examples of functional foods

Answer 5

conventional foods; fortified, enriched, or enahanced: and dietary supplements

Question 6

reasons for interest in functional foods (6)

Answer 6

-aging population
-increased lifestyle related health issues
-health and beauty industry
-advances in science and technology
-cost of healthcare
-growing market for foods with health benefit

Question 7

3 types of functional foods

Answer 7

inherently healthy
added bioactive compound
developed to deliver desired health outcome

Question 8

example of inherently healthy food

Answer 8

kiwifruit, carrot
-most foods fit into this

Question 9

example of added bioactive

Answer 9

margarine with added plant sterols
fortification

Question 10

specifically designed for health benefit example

Answer 10

supplements: collagen

Question 11

examples of functional food classes

Answer 11

nutraceuticals
probiotics
prebiotics
synbiotics
psychobiotics

Question 12

what are nutraceuticals

Answer 12

bioactive chemicals derived from food but taken as a supplement at much higher concentration

Question 13

why are nutraceuticals taken at a much higher concentration

Answer 13

make up for losses in accessibility, digestion, absorption and metabolism

Question 14

examples of nutraceuticals

Answer 14

supplements
-vitamins
-minerals
-omega 3
-digestive support

Question 15

what is a probiotic

Answer 15

live micro-organism that confer health benefit when consumes in adequate amounts

Question 16

what elie metchnikoff notices

Answer 16

peasants that consume yoghurt lived longer

Question 17

FDA acronyms for safe food products

Answer 17

GRAS

Question 18

EFSA (euro) acronym for safe food products

Answer 18

QPS
qualified presumption of safety

Question 19

GRAS and QPS requirements for probiotics

Answer 19

alive
not resistant to antibiotics
metabolic activities need to be checked
no adverse affects
cant produce a mammalian toxin
not heamolytic

Question 20

why do metabolic activities need to be checked for probiotics

Answer 20

to make sure they are producing compounds that cant be metabolised or toxic to humans
-i.e. D form of molecules

Question 21

examples of probiotics

Answer 21

lactobacillus
bifidobacterium
streptococcus
enterococcus
bacillus coagulans
saccharomyces boulardii

Question 22

benefits of probiotics

Answer 22

bacteriocin production (antibiotic)
increased cytokine secretion (immunity)
amino & organic acid, vitamin synthesis
promotion of mineral absorption
modulates lactose intolerance
controls antibioitc-associated nausea and diarrhoea

Question 23

side effects of probiotics

Answer 23

digestive: bloating or gas
immune system over stimulation (unhealthy metabolic activities)

Question 24

what is a prebiotic

Answer 24

non-viable food component that confers health benefit on the host associated with modulation of microbiota

Question 25

purpose of prebiotics

Answer 25

induce growth/activity of probiotics

Question 26

metabolic mechanisms of resistant starch

Answer 26

starch enters large intestine and undergoes digestions-> resistant starch then undergoes bacterial fermentation to produce short chain fatty acids (butyrate) which decreases pH in intestine

Question 27

how many types of resistant starch are there

Answer 27

4

Question 28

describe RS1

Answer 28

physically inaccessible, non-digestible matrix

Question 29

example of RS1

Answer 29

whole or partly milled grains and seeds

Question 30

Describe RS2

Answer 30

tightly packed, ungelatinised starch granules

Question 31

example of RS2

Answer 31

raw potato starch green bananas high-amylose cornstarch

Question 32

describe RS3

Answer 32

retrograded starch

Question 33

examples of RS3

Answer 33

cooked and cooled potato, bread and pudding

Question 34

describe RS4

Answer 34

chemically modified starch

Question 35

examples of RS4

Answer 35

etherised, esterified or cross-bonded starches (used in processed foods)

Question 36

examples of pre biotics

Answer 36

beta glucan arabinogalactan (larch) and arabinoxylan (wheat) galacto-oligosaccharides inulin HMOs

Question 37

what are HMO

Answer 37

human milk oligosaccharides -diverse glass of unconjugated glycans fucosyllactose & sialyllactose

Question 38

health functions of HMOs

Answer 38

prebiotic (for bifidus growth) adhesive antimicrobials intestnal epithelial cell modulators immune modulators brain development modulators of leukocytes

Question 39

what are synbiotics

Answer 39

combines pre and probiotic

Question 40

what are psychobiotics

Answer 40

produces health benefit in patients with psychiatric or neurological illnesses

Question 41

outcome of 'assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation in rats and human subjects

Answer 41

probitoic treated participants (PTP) showed a significant decline in self-reported negative mood and distress decrease in urinary free cortisol in PTP (reduced stress) no evidence of dysfunction in learning and memory no addiction induced, safety with no cognitive impairment

Question 42

functional foods involved in GI health

Answer 42

pro, pre, symbiotics and fibres

Question 43

functional foods involved in cognitive and neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 43

flavonoids, omega 3, selenium

Question 44

functional foods involved in cardiometabolic syndrome

Answer 44

polyphenols, dietary fibres

Question 45

functional foods involved in CVD

Answer 45

polyphenols, omega 3 and plant sterols

Question 46

functional foods involved in cancer prevention

Answer 46

carotenoids, organosulfur and phenolic compounds

Question 47

areas of research required for functional foods

Answer 47

isolation and extraction techniques formulation techniques to retain bioactive properties biological properties tests and range of concentrations for action improving bioavailability and bioaccessibility elucidating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/tox) profile

Question 48

goals of regulation

Answer 48

consumers are reliably informed safety assessment (public health)

Question 49

claims FDA allows

Answer 49

a developing relationship between components in the diet and reduced risk of disease, as reviewed by the FDA and supported by the weight of credible scientific research

Question 50

claims the EFSA allows

Answer 50

nutrition claim: beneficial nutritional properties (low fat etc) health: health benefit can result from consumption (reinforce bodies natural defences)

Question 51

what FSANZ allow

Answer 51

nutrient content claims, nutrient function claims but no health claims

Question 52

need to know if marketing func foods

Answer 52

changing consumer needs and interest science of functional foods regulatory guidelines

Question 53

issues needed to be addressed with func foods

Answer 53

organoleptic qualities - > consumer acceptance safety and stability packaging and storage conditions that preserve biological action

Question 54

stakeholders in functional food development

Answer 54

researchers manufacturers consumers regulators