Food Oils

Question 1

What are vegetable oils?

Answer 1

Oils extracted from plants

Question 2

What are vegetable oils made of?

Answer 2

Triglycerides

Question 3

What are vegetable oils used for?

Answer 3

In foods and for cooking as an effective medium for heat transfer

Question 4

What form are vegetable oils at room temp?

Answer 4

Liquid

Question 5

Name some uses of oils

Answer 5

Cooking oil
Salad oil
Margarine
Shortening 
Biodiesel

Question 6

What are triglycerides?

Answer 6

Glycerol backbone

3 fatty acids attached

Question 7

What is the consistency of a triglyceride?

Answer 7

Below mp = gel like

Above mp - fluid like

Question 8

What is trans gauch transformation?

Answer 8

Van der waals forces weaken
Lipid start to diffuse laterally
Membrane softens

Question 9

How do longer chain lipid differ from short chain?

Answer 9

Higher mp

Question 10

How does melting point Chang for lipids with saturated fatty acids compared to mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

Answer 10

Higher mp

Question 11

Compare mps of MUFA s and PUFA s

Answer 11

MUFA= higher

Question 12

How are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids different?

Answer 12

Unstat = double bond

Discolours in bromine water

Question 13

What type of fat do oils grown in northern climates contain more of?

Answer 13

PUFA s

Question 14

What type of fat to oils grown in southern climates contain more of?

Answer 14

MUFAs

Question 15

How is veg oil a world traded commodity?

Answer 15

• one of the most heavily traded agricultural commodities I n the world
• over 70% of fats and oils consumed worldwide come from veg crops
• trade patterns predominantly dominated by global import and export of play and soybean oil?

Question 16

How much palm oil is produced worldwide and where?

Answer 16

33% - Indonesia and Malaysia

Question 17

How much soybean oil is produced worldwide and where?

Answer 17

28% - USA, china, Brazil, Argentina, EU

Question 18

How much rapeseed oil is produced worldwide and where?

Answer 18

16% - EU, China, India

Question 19

How much sunflower seed oil is produced world wide and where?

Answer 19

8% Ukraine, Russia, EU, Argentina

Question 20

Who is the worlds largest oil producer?

Answer 20

Argentina

Question 21

Who is the worlds largest oil consumer?

Answer 21

China

Question 22

Give some examples of seed oils

Answer 22

Soybean
Rapeseed
Sesame
Sunflower
Seed
Cotton
Maize
Ground nut

Question 23

Give some examples of fruit oils

Answer 23

Coconut
Palm
Olive

Question 24

Give some examples of nut oils

Answer 24

Pine nut

Walnut

Question 25

What are the stages of oil manufacture?

Answer 25

1. Dehulling seeds 2. Extraction -mechanical -chemical 3. Refining the crude oil A) neutralising B)bleaching C)deodorising D)winterising E)hydrogenation

Question 26

What is dehulling of seeds in oil manufacture?

Answer 26

1st stage Mechanically by grater or friction - removes outer coat which does not contain oil, can then be used as animal feed

Question 27

What is extraction in oil manufacture?

Answer 27

``` 2 types mechanical and chemical 2nd stage Mechanical: - crushed, filtered and cold pressed Chemical: - immersed in solvent to extract oil and then distilled at 85c to remove solvent ```

Question 28

What is neutralising in oil manufacture?

Answer 28

1st stage of refinement - add phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide - Centrifuge - wash and filter

Question 29

What is bleaching in oil manufacture?

Answer 29

2nd stage of refinement | - by absorbing pigments in oil on to a solid matrix - important for frying oils

Question 30

What is deodorising in the manufacture of oil?

Answer 30

3rd stage of refinement | - inject with steam to strip unwanted material(mainly off flavours) - 270C

Question 31

What is winterising in the manufacture of oil?

Answer 31

4th stage of refinement - oils slowly cooled to produce crystals - high mp triglycerides are removed - Appledore fo salad oils that have to remain liquid at low temps without clouding

Question 32

What is hydrogenation in oil manufacture?

Answer 32

5th stage of refinement - hydrogen added across double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of a nickel catalyst E.g. margarine

Question 33

What are environmental impacts of palm oil?

Answer 33

Destroying rainforest Not sustainable -lots of campaigns for it to be produced sustainable

Question 34

How much oilseed rape in canada is GM?

Answer 34

87%

Question 35

How much of the worlds soybean oil is GM?

Answer 35

82%

Question 36

What are the advantages of gm oils?

Answer 36

``` higher yield Less fertiliser Less pesticides Good for insects More nutrients ```

Question 37

What are the disadvantages of gm oils?

Answer 37

Not tested enough (don’t know health impacts) More monoculture = threat to biodiversity Jumping genes = can mix with non gm Health concerns Could trigger allergies