food security Flashcards

Question

Asc Island: marine protected area Potential emerging problem: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:

Answer 1

- Marine plastic - Chemical contaminats - Oils spills - Light and noise pollution Sooty terns travel far beyond MPA (potentially into polluted waters

Answer 2

“a person is food secure when he or she as access at all times to enough food for an active healthy life” (smith et al)

Answer 3

covergance of biophysical, social and political stresses

Answer 4

(livestock much more integrated into lifestyle) - Climatic and environmental changes imposes restrictions on agriculture - Fluctuations in precipitation (less predictable) and evapotranspiration (more heat more evapotranspiration) - Salinization; storm serges bringing in saline seawater, impacts ground - Temperature extremes

Answer 5

“vulnerability is the extent to which a system or population is susceptible to harm” (adger 2006), closely connected to resilience (capacity of a system or population to adapt to shocks – ecosystem and social)

Answer 6

1) Hazard risk approach: vuln. As multiple outcomes of one biophysical event 2) Social constructivist approach: vulnerability due to multiple causes rooted in social structures; capacity to adapt rooted in social relations Class, gender, social position, can affect resources one has access to for coping

Answer 7

unequal land distribution, gender inequalities, exploitive rural economy, inter-regional disparities, economic liberalisation, market pressures, corruption, conflict, spatial geographies of inequality

Answer 8

(fertile region, s. Nepal, NE india, N Bangladesh) Agrarian ecomony (severe disparity in distribution of land and assests), very densely populated.

Answer 9

- Form majority of population, <0.5Ha. many household tenants so portion of cops as rent, minority of larger farmers not food insecure

Answer 10

- Significant changes observed, more unpredictability, extended dry spells, late onset rains, more extremes. Rain fed agriculture becoming risky, water storage increasingly important (ground water storage in aquifers most potential)

Answer 11

access to groundwater essential (buffer during droughts), access linked to position in agrarian structure. Less than 10% of pop own groundwater pump sets, have to access via ‘groundwater markets’ (costs)

Answer 12

cost (building on land they don’t own), gov schemes based on land owning, costs of pump, high operating cost (poor electrification, reliance on diesel)

Answer 13

unpredictable monsoons, migration essential, can create new stresses for those who stay behind. FOR EXAMPLE: Bihar drought 2012: women are higly vulnerable after men migrated, left in drought conditions, menial labour half pay (labour market flooded)

Answer 14

: used to be highly fertile, combination of stresses since C19th. Feudal system (Halie Selassie) severe inequality, large fragmentation (pop growth), communal land  private holdings. Failed land reforms (communist regime)

Answer 15

farmers onto steeper slopes, less vegetation cover+water retention increased drought vulnerability, combined with civil war, state neglect, land scarcity. De Vall placed strong emphasis on conflict turning insecurity into starvation. (SIMILAR TO BENGAL FAMINE IN 1940s)

Answer 16

: significant changes (doubling of yields in some locales), land restoration (failed to have impact in direr lower lying locales)

Answer 17

2020-2022 civil war: return to food insecurity (famine like? Limited info) Severe drought 2023 along with breakdown in state services

Answer 18

food security and hunger closely linked to environ. And socio political causes, VULNERABILITY TO FOOD INSECURITY LINKED WITH STRUCTURES OF INEQUALITY (proximate causes push things over the edge) Gains in climate resilience can be easily undone by crisis.

Answer 19

Technological change: fundamental to adapt to stress, tech only suitable with adequate social measures

Answer 20

availability, access, utilisation, stability

Answer 21

genetic diversity

Answer 22

: conservation ex situ/in situ; institutions/policy; value addition; crop improvement

Answer 23

- Breeding: (un)conscious election for desired traits (e.g. milk, larger fruits), conventional breeding in Europe C19th; genomic breeding last 50yrs - Domestication: animals; ~11,000 yrs Palestine, syria, turkey for 15 non-carnivorous mammals and 10 avian species; plants; ~8,000 in fertile crescent for barley, wheat, peas, lentils (7000 crops)

Answer 24

for crops (12 centres of diversity in maxted+Vincent 2012); for animals 6 (2007)

Answer 25

farm based; growers select superior plants or animals (selective seed saving/animal breeding) for next seasons cultivation/production. May exchange seeds/semen (neighbours/local markets). Local variations are maintained and adapted to local conditions

Answer 26

early C19th; law of segregation, law of independent assortment (segregation random). Has increased productivity, improved quality (taste, appearance, nutrition), max. efficiency (shorten time between growing and harvest), improved marketable traits (e.g. sweeter tomatoes

Answer 27

hybridisation of parent material, may involve chromosome manipulation and embryo rescue. PGRFA Germplasm – the plants breeder’s raw material to improve or create new crops: cultivars, breeding lines, obsolete types, landraces. Primitive forms, wild relatives

Answer 28

crucial to sustain food security; human-made over millennia; explicit link between conservation and use; diversity-focused in Vaviov centres of diversity; focused on conserving intraspecific diversity; significant inter-dependence between countries

Answer 29

RECURRENT BACKCROSS

Answer 30

: No area has enough diversity to make them independent; countries depend on each other and must work together.

Answer 31

techniques relatively expensive, technically challenging, most breeding intra-specific (inter-specific closely related). Transgenic (not closely related, cisgenic (closely related), subgenic (gene edited). TARGETED AND QUICK , RESOURCE AND TECH EXPENSIVE

Answer 32

resilient socio-ecological system, genetic diversity increase ability to adapt and transform (global changes+shocks), maintain genetic health, supports farmers to respond (natural disaster, global climate change), landraces produce some yield even in marginal extreme environments.

Answer 33

“genetic material of animals and plants which is of value as a resource for the present and future generations of people” (IPGRI, 1993) – includes all components of biological diversity (crops, livestock)

Answer 34

landrace paradox: breeders require genetic diversity (WTs), improved crop/breeds better performing than landraces/WTs. Farmers switch, WTs threatened + genetic diversity lost. Breeders both need and destroy diversity

Answer 35

changes in cultivation of maize hybrids and landraces in S.W China (Jingson 2012)

Answer 36

seed storage, cryopreservation, tissue culture); in situ (on farm, wild habitats, home gardens) State of ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources: total no. of germplasm 7.9 million in 1750 gene banks worldwide. >70% of genetic diversity already conserved. (FAO 2011) SEED SAMPLING AND STORAGE: diagram

Answer 37

group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that distinguish it from other groups within the same species (Intermediate Technology, 1996). Homogenous groups, geographical separation from other breeds, recognised separate identity, farming maintains herd so loss of diversity can result in inbreeding depression.

Answer 38

7,616 domesticated animal breeds globally (FAO, 2007)

Answer 39

livestock production increasingly based on a limited no. of breeds, genetic diversity within breeds in decline, roles of multipurpose breeds undervalued, genetic resistance important for control of animal diseases.

Answer 40

in situ: national gov projects/insitutes (e.g. Roslin); private breeding organisations (e.g. Sygen); non-giov organisation (rare breed survival trust); farmers; policy context (UK environ. Stewardship schemes)

Answer 41

globally one breed of farm animal becomes extinct every month; 1900-1973 UK lost 26 native breeds of livestock, and many varieties of poultry (Goon hilly ponies, somerset sheeted cattle).

Answer 42

National bank of genetic resources (store semen, embryos and DNA samples from animals); breeds at risk register, conservation projects, charity (Lawrence Alderson

Answer 43

- Global research partnership, dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security improving natural resources and ecosystem services - 15 research centres collaborating with national and regional research institutes - VISION: a world free of poverty, hunger and environmental degradation - MISSION: advance agricultural science, enable poor people to better nourish their families and improve productivity resilience, can share in economic growth and manage natural resources in the face of climate chane and other challenges

Answer 44

1) able to continue over a period of time 2) causing little or no damage to the environement, therefore able to continue for a long time

Answer 45

become greater more serious/extreme/intense

Answer 46

by 2050 need 60% more food than currently available, most additional production will have to come from sustainable intensification. Means building systems that conserve and enhance natural resources

Answer 47

at critical thresholds, catastrophes bring pop. Down to more sustainable levels (immoral reasoning), gov should take action to let catastrophe happen, remains prominent for those who believe pop. Is causing most problems.

Answer 48

Optimistic approach. The population finds ways to intensify production to avoid the Malthusian catastrophe. Sustainable? No guarantee; this is historically what we have been doing, cycles getting faster and narrower. “necessity is the mother of invention”

Answer 49

- Intensification forced by external phenomena (pop growth) - Marshall Sahlins: Stone Age Economics (early societies didn’t have this pressure). Western societies work more to achieve more -> driven by population growth.

Answer 50

- Highly intensified agrarian systems capable of high productivity per surface unit in exchange fo higher labour input (LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS) - New tech needed to increase production once max output reached

Answer 51

May be super exponential, this combined with law of diminishing returns, even faster cycles of innovation to avoid catastrophe. Myth of the population bomb: adv in medicines, lower mortality rate, increased pop, Responses by societies: India mass sterilization (1976), China's child policy (1979)  INSTEAD: promote investment in crop science

Answer 52

- High yield seed varieties, chemical fertilisers (intensification). OUTCOMES: food production doubled; in asia food supply increased 100% with only 4% increase in cropland. - HOWEVER: in Punjab; diseased soils, pest infected crops, water logged deserts, social unrest (Shiva 1991) - Reduced ecological diversity, damage in social cohesion of community

Answer 53

Cropping systems more than crop yields (measurement of output alone, excludes measurements of ecological destruction of future yields) – destruction of soil fertility; soil toxicity; genetic erosion; pesticide contamination of food.

Answer 54

e.g. better GM crops (disease+drought tolerance), tech enabled advisory (AI, suggest remedies); precision farming through GIS, sensor in soil that track moisture+nitogen levels (RELIANCE ON TECH AS CONSEQUENCE)

Answer 55

traditional systems inform us (successful under many circumstances) e.g. moving manipulating soil, diversification of product, highly skilled farmed investing hard labour

Answer 56

MUST HAVE BALANCE! (if speed up growth, accelerate decay (HOWARD 1943)

Answer 57

1. none 2. stressed 3. crisis 4. emergency 5. catastrophe / famine

food security Flashcards

(81 cards)