Foot

Question 0

What are the three parts of the foot?

Answer 0

1. Hindfoot - talus and calcaneous
2. Midfoot - navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
3. Forefoot - metatarsals and phalanges

Question 1

What are the seven tarsal bones?

Answer 1

Calcaneous, talus, cuboid, navicular, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

Question 2

What are the four regions of the foot?

Answer 2

1. Plantar region - part contacting ground
2. Dorsal region of foot
3. Heel region - sole underlying the calcaneous
4. Ball of foot - sole underlying the heads of the medial two metatarsals

Question 3

What are the four compartments of the sole of the foot?

Answer 3

Medial, central, lateral, and interosseous compartment of the foot

Question 4

What structures are in the medial compartment of the foot?

Answer 4

Abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, and the medial plantar nerve and vessels

Question 5

What structures are in the central compartment of the sole?

Answer 5

Flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus, quadratus plantae, lumbricals, adductor hallucis, distal part of tendon of flexor hallucis longus, and lateral plantar nerve and vessels

Question 6

What structures are in the lateral compartment of the sole?

Answer 6

Abductor digiti minimi brevis and flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 7

What are the structures in the interosseous compartment of the sole?

Answer 7

Metatarsals, dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles, and deep plantar and metatarsal vessels

Question 8

What is the most active muscle during the push-off phase?

Answer 8

Adductor hallucis

Question 9

What are the muscles in the first layer of the foot?

Answer 9

Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi

Question 10

What are the muscles in the second layer of the foot?

Answer 10

Quadratus plantae and lumbricals

Question 11

What are the muscles in the third layer of the foot?

Answer 11

Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi

Question 12

What are the muscles in the fourth layer of the foot?

Answer 12

Plantar interossei and dorsal interossei

Question 13

What are the major ligaments of the plantar aspect of the foot?

Answer 13

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, long plantar ligament, and plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

Question 14

What does the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament do?

Answer 14

Supports the head of the talus, transfers weight of the talus, and maintains the longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 15

What does the long plantar ligament do?

Answer 15

Maintains the longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 16

What does the plantar calcaneocuboid (short) ligament do?

Answer 16

Maintains longitudinal arch of the foot

Question 17

What are the joints of the foot?

Answer 17

Subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneoclavicular, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints

Question 18

What are the four arches of the foot?

Answer 18

Longitudinal, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arch of the foot

Question 19

What composes the longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 19

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches

Question 20

What bones comprise the medial arch of the foot?

Answer 20

Calcaneous, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and three metatarsals

Question 21

What bones comprise the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 21

Calcaneous, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals

Question 22

What two joints comprise the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 22

Talonavicular joint part of talocalcaneonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint

Question 23

What bones comprise the transverse arch of the foot?

Answer 23

Cuboid, three cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals

Question 24

What maintains the integrity of the bony arches of the foot?

Answer 24

Passive forces: plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, long ligament, and short ligament Dynamic forces: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, and intrinsic plantar muscles

Question 25

What structures bear the greatest stress in maintaining the arches of the foot?

Answer 25

Plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis

Question 26

What motions occur at the hind foot?

Answer 26

Inversion and eversion

Question 27

What motions occur at the mid foot and fore foot?

Answer 27

Pronation and supination

Question 28

Pronation

Answer 28

Plantar flexion of calcaneus, ABD forefoot, and eversion of hind foot

Question 29

Supination

Answer 29

Dorsiflexion of calcaneus, ADD of forefoot, and inversion of hind foot

Question 30

What ligament prevents inversion of the foot?

Answer 30

Lateral ligament

Question 31

What ligament prevents eversion of the foot?

Answer 31

Deltoid ligament

Question 32

Abductor hallucis

Answer 32

Origin: medial tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneos, plantar aponeurosis, and flexor retinaculum Insertion: medial side of base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st digit Innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: ABD and flexes 1st digit

Question 33

Flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 33

Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of the calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa Insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits Innervation: medial plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: flexes lateral four digits

Question 34

Abductor digiti minimi

Answer 34

Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of the tuberosity of the calcaneous, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa Insertion: lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th metatarsal Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: ABD and flexes 5th digit

Question 35

Quadratus plantae

Answer 35

Origin: medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneous Insertion: posterolateral margin of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: assists in flexing the lateral four digits

Question 36

Lumbricals

Answer 36

Origin: tendon of the flexor digitorum longus Insertion: medial aspect of the expansion over the lateral four digits Innervation: (2nd) medial plantar nerve (S2,S3) and (3rd-5th) lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: flex proximal phalanges and extend at MIP and DIP joints of lateral four digits

Question 37

Flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 37

Origin: plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform Insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit

Question 38

Adductor hallucis

Answer 38

Origin: (oblique head) bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals; (transverse head) plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th MTP joints Insertion: lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st digit Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: ADD 1st digit

Question 39

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 39

Origin: base of 5th metatarsal Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of 5th metatarsal Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Question 40

Plantar interossei

Answer 40

Origin: bases and medial sides of 3rd-5th metatarsals Insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits Innervation: lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3) Action: ADD digits 3-5 and flexes at MTP joints

Question 41

Dorsal interossei

Answer 41

Origin: adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 Insertion: (1st) medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit and (2-4th) lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits Innervation: none Action: ABD 2-4th digits and flexes at MTP joints