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Movement Science > Foot and ankle > Flashcards

Foot and ankle Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What makes up the rearfoot

A

calcaneus and talus

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2
Q

what makes up the midfoot

A

tarsals

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3
Q

what makes up the forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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4
Q

Bones of the ankle joint: tibia and fibula

A

-the proximal joint: is a plane synovial joint and fibular is more posterior
-distal: the lateral (fibula) extends more distally than the tibia making it more susceptible to injuries
-between the two bones there is an interosseus membrane and a fat pad

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5
Q

Bones of the ankle joint: talus

A

-articulates directly with tibia and fibula
-Head: articulates with the navicular
-neck: can be grabbed and moved
-lateral/medial facets fore the malleoli
-anterior, middle and posterior facets that correspond to facets on the calcaneus

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6
Q

Bones of the ankle: calcaneus

A

-adds length to the limb
-calcaneal tuberosity

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7
Q

What are the ankle joints?

A

tibiofibular
talocrural
subtalar
transverse tarsal joints

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8
Q

Tibiofibular joint arthrology

A

-proximal joint and a distal joint
-the lateral malleolus extends more distally and is found more posterior

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9
Q

talocrural joint or ankle joint
-bones
-type of joint
-special aspects

A

-tibia, fibula, talus
-most congruent in the body
-hinge joint – uniaxial only allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

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10
Q

Ligaments of the talocrural joint On the medial side

A
  • Deltoid: Tibionavicular, tibiospring, Tibiocalcaneal, tibiotalar
  • holds tibia to the talus and calcaneus and some other tarsal bones
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11
Q

Ligaments of the talocrural joint on the lateral side

A

-posterior tibiofibular ligament
-posterior talofibular ligament
-calcaneofibular ligament
-anterior tibiofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament

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12
Q

Movements of the planes at the ankle

A

sagittal: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
transverse: abduction and adduction
frontal: inversion nad eversion

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13
Q

Pronation (how does this motion occur at the foot)

A

-eversion
-abduction
-dorsiflexioon

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14
Q

Supination (how does this motion occur at the foot)

A

-inversion
-adduction
-plantarflexion

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15
Q

What are the osteokinematics of the talocrural joint

A

Dorsiflexiono: 15-25º
plantarflexion: 40-45º

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16
Q

arthrokinematics talocrural joint
-open chain
-closed chain

A

-open chain: roll and glide in opposite directions (DF=anterior roll and posterior glide/PF = posterior roll and anterior glide)
-closed chain: roll and glide in the same direction (DF = anterior roll and glide/ PF= posterior roll and glide

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17
Q

Talocrural joint throughout the stance phase of gait

A

Heel contact = Plantarflexion
as you move into toe off, you move into dorsiflexion because it is more stable

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18
Q

Subtalar joint ligaments

A
  • medial, posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligament
    -posterior talofibular ligament
    -calcaneofibular ligament
    -deltoid ligaments
    (ligaments from the talocrural joint stabilize the subtalar joint)
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19
Q

Subtalar osteokinematics and ROM

A

-pronation (eversion and abduction): 0-25
-supination (inversion and adduction): 0-30
only looking at the rear foot

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20
Q

Midtarsal joints

A

Transverse tarsal joint:
-talonavicular joint (medially)
-calcaneocuboid joint (laterally)

Talocalcaneonavicular

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21
Q

Talonavicular support

A

-interosseous ligament
-dorsal talonavicular ligament
-bifurcated: calcaneonavicular ligament laterally
-anterior fibers of the deltoid ligament (tibionavicular medially)

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22
Q

calcaneocuboid

A

-dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
-bifurcated: calcaneocuboid
-long and short plantar ligaments (long goes to the metatarsals and the short goes to the tarsals)

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23
Q

spring ligament unique feature

A

has articular cartilage due to a high stress area

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24
Q

Supination of the foot in OC/NWB

Study These Flashcards
A

-calcaneal inversion (varus)
-calcaneal adduction
-calcaneal PF

25
Supination of the foot in CC/WB
-calcaneal inversion -talar abduction (lateral rotation) -talar DF -tib/fib lateral rotation
26
pronation of the foot in OC/NWB
-calcaneal eversion -calcaneal abduction -calcaneal DF
27
pronation of the foot in CC/WB
-calcaneal eversion -talar adduction (medial rotation) -talar PF -tib/fib medial rotation
28
What are the arthrokinemateics of the subtotal joint
spin
29
Distal inter tarsal joint shape
S-shaped to allow for twisting -supination twist: forefoot in relation to rear foot during closed chain; to get the foot on the ground there will be opposite rotation
30
Clinical measurements -ankle dorsiflexion AROM, PROM -ankle plantarflecxion: AROM, PROM
DF: -AROM: 0-20 -PROM: 0-25 PF -AROM: 0-45 -PROM: 0-50
31
Clinical measurements -ankle inversion AROM,PROM -ankle eversion AROM,PROM
ankle inversion: -AROM: 0-30 -PROM: 0-35 Ankle eversion: -AROM: 0-25 -PROM: 0-30
32
What are the joint of the forefoot
-tarsometatarsal -intermetatarsal -metatarsophalangeal -interphalangeal
33
What are the rays of the foot and which is the most stable
-1st toe: phalanx with the medial cuneiform 2nd toe: phalanx with the intermediate cuneiform (most stable) 3rd: phalanx with the cuneiform and shares a capsule with the 4th and 5th ray
34
metatarsophalangeal joint -support -osteokinematics arthrokinematics
-medial/lateral capsular ligament, plantar plate and sesamoid bones -flexion, extension, abduction, adduction -OC: roll and glide in the same direction CC: roll and glide in the opposite direction
35
Toe break
-shoter toes on the lateral side -helps with toe off during gait -pulls on the plantar fascia
36
Clinical measurements of the great toe
MTP flexion: 0-45 MTP extension: 0-90
37
clinical measurements of the lateral four toes
MTP flexion: 0-40 MTP extension: 0-45
38
interphalageal joint -support -osteokinematics -arthrokinematics
-plantar plates, capsule, and medial/lateral capsular ligaments -flexion/extension (not much) -arthrokinematics: OC: roll and glide in the same direction and CC: roll and glide in opposite directions
39
IP great toe flexion and extension
flexion: 0-90 extension: minimal
40
IP lateral toes flexion and extension ROM
PIP -flexion: 0-35 -extension: minimal DIP -flexion: 0-60 -extension: minimal
41
Muscles the support the medial arch
-gastrocnemius -tibialis posterior -fibularis longus
42
What supports the arches of the foot
- extrinsic: suspension muscles ~dynamic and static contributions such as peroneus longus from underneath - intrinsic: tie rods ~ dynamic and static contributions ~ plantar fascia, intrinsic muscles
43
Lateral longitudinal arch - where does it run - what supports it
- calcaneal to base of 5th metatarsal - Anterior talofibular ligament - posterior talofibular ligament - fibulas longus tendond - dorsal calcaneocubdoid ligament - other lateral ligaments
44
Transverse arch
- runs from cuboid to medial cuneiform and between the 5th and 1st metatarsals - runs medial to lateral
45
medial longitudinal arch
- long arch: runs from the calcareous to the head of metatarsals - supported by the deltoid ligaments, dorsal cuneonavicular ligament, dorsal taaalonaticular ligament, dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments, tibialis posterior tendons, long plantar ligament, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring) - achilles tenon: pulls on the calcareous posteriorly which pulls the plantar fascia and causes more stability
46
Osteokinematics of - level walking - stairs ascending - running
- level walking: 10.2º DF (terminal stance) | 14.2º PF (toe off) - stairs ascending: 20º DF (weight acceptance) | 10º PF (push off) - Running: 10º DF | 25º PF
47
Pronated position: - calcareous position - navicular position - talus position - tibia position
- calcareous position: everted - navicular position: drops - talus position: IR - tibia position: IR
48
Supinated position: - calcareous position - navicular position - talus position - tibia position
- calcareous position: calcareous inverts - navicular position: raises - talus position: ER - tibia position: ER
49
When during gate is the foot supinated verse pronated
push off = supinated (due to needing stability/closed pack position) heel strike = pronated to absorb shock (open pack position)
50
Talocrural joint during - early stance: - late stance: - swing:
- early stance: PF - late stance: DF to PF - swing: DF
51
Rearfoot (subtalar) - early stance: - late stance: - swing:
- early stance: pronated - late stance: pronated to supinated - swing: supinated
52
Midfoot (transverse tarsal) - early stance: - late stance: - swing:
- early stance: inversion - late stance: eversion - swing: inversion (as you go into open chain)
53
forefoot (metatarsopharageal joint) - early stance: - late stance: - swing:
- early stance: neutral - late stance: extension - swing: neutral
54
Deformites of the toe
- hallux valgus (1st MTP joint) - hammer toe: - claw toe - mallot toe
55
Hammer toe
- MTP = hyperextended - PIP = flexed - DIP = hyperextended
56
Claw toe
- MTP = hyperextended - PIP = flexed - DIP = neutral
57
Mallot toe
- MTP = hyperextended - PIP = neutral - DIP = flexed
58
Ankle effects on the knee - weakened soleus: - PF and Hip extensors
- weakened soleus: unable to decelerate DF so the knee bends - PF and Hip extensors: use hip extensors to pull the femur back and pull the tibia back by the soleus

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