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Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Spine function

A
  1. support head and trunk
  2. ligament, muscle and bone attachment
  3. protect spinal cord and internal organs
  4. allow trunk mobility
  5. shock absorption
  6. link between UE and LE
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2
Q

What makes up the upper cervical spine

A

Occipital-atlanto (O-C1) and Atlanta-axial (C1-C2)

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3
Q

What makes lower cervical spine

A

C2-C7 (inferior articular facets of the C2)

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4
Q

Occipital-Atlantal joint

A

AO joint
-occipital condyles (convex) with concave lateral masses of atlas
-synovial joint (no disc)

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5
Q

Occipital-Atlantal Joint ROM (osteokinematics)

A

flexion: 5º
extension: 10º
Lateral bending: 5º
rotation 0º

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6
Q

Occipital-Atlantal Joint arthrokinematcis

A

Convex on concave
-roll and glide: opposite direction
-flexion: anterior roll and posterior glide
-extension: posterior roll and anterior glide
-lateral Bending: ipsilateral roll and Contralateral glide

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7
Q

Atlanta-axial joint
- articular processes
- ligament

A

-articular processes are in the transverse plane
-alar ligament prevent excessive rotation

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8
Q

Atlanta-axial joint ROM

A
  • Flexion: 5º
  • Extension: 10º
  • lateral bending 0º
  • rotation 40-45º
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9
Q

Lower Cervical vertebrae description

A
  • smaller/narrow vertebral bodies (does not hold a lot of weight)
  • narrow disc
    -C2-C7
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10
Q

Lower cervical vertebrae facet orientation

A

45º to the transverse plane with the posterior portion being more inferior

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11
Q

Lower cervical Osteokinematics + ROM

A

Flexion: 35º (7 per segment)
Extension: 70º (12-14 per segment)
Lateral bending 35º (7º per segment)
Rotation: 45º (9 per segment)

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12
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical flexion and extension

A

Flexion:
- anterior tilt
- facet glides superiorly
- anterior shear

Extension:
- posterior tilt
- facet glides inferiorly
- posterior shear

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13
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical lateral flexion

A

-IL tilt
-IL downward glide
-CL upward glide
-some rotation

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14
Q

Arthrokinematics in cervical rotation

A

-cannot purely get translation
-when you rotate you get some side bending
- posterior slide on IL side
- anterior slide on CL side
- rotation indirection of the rotation

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15
Q

Cervical spine coupled motion

A

-lateral bending and rotation to the same side

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16
Q

Thoracic spine function

A
  • rib articulations and rib cage to protect organs and assist with respiration
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17
Q

Body of the thoracic vertebrae+ SP, Facets

A

-bigger body
-SP is angled down (SP of T7 is in line with body of T8 and so on)
- demi facets (1/2 is on vertebrae above and one on the vertebrae below) that articulate with head of the ribs

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18
Q

Segmental differences of rib motions

A

-upper thoracic ribs: elevates anterior and moves like a pump handle
-lower thoracic ribs: lower raise laterally

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19
Q

Thoracic spine articular processes orientation

A

-60º to transverse plane
-20º to frontal plane

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20
Q

Thoracic Spine ROM

A

Flexion: 30-40º (3º per segment ribs limit motion)
extension: 20-25º (2 per segment)
lateral bending: 25º (2 per segment)
rotation: 30º (3º per segment)

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21
Q

Thoracic spine coupled motions of the upper/lower thoracic

A

-upper thoracic: behave more like cervical
-lower thoracic behave more like lumbar

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22
Q

Typical lumber vertebrae

A

larger and wider vertebral bodies/disc

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23
Q

lumber spine facet orientation

A

90º to transverse plane
45º to frontal plane
-encourage flexion/extension
-discourage rotation

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24
Q

Lumbar spine ROM

A

flexion: 50º (10/segment)
extension: 15º (3/segment)
lateral bending: 20º (4/segment)
rotation: 5º (1/segment)

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25
Thoracolumber motion
More motion in flexion -more extension in cervical
26
Lumbar spine coupled motion with lateral bending and rotation
lateral bending and rotation to the opposite side
27
Functional units of the spine
-upper cervical: occiput C1, C2 -lower cevical: C2-T3 -Thoracic: T3-T9 or T10 -low back: T10-S1
28
Spinal curves - primary and secondary
Primary: present at birth = kyphosis (whole spine) secondary: develops as we being to challenge gravity (lordosis) -gain control of head = cervical lordosis -lumbar lordosis = develop when sitting and standing
29
Explain how the spine is a closed system
-changing 1 area will influence another such as while sitting if you increase lordosis you will sit up straighter and bring yourself to better posture -motion in one segment influences another
30
intervertebral disc (IVD) - functions - where are they located -size -forces
-shock absorber -C2 and lower -account for 20-30% of length of vertebral column -increase in size C-L (3mm-9mm) -resist tensile and shearing forces -distribute compressive forces
31
IVD structure: -cartilaginous end plate -annulus fibrosus -nucleus pulpous -lamella forces it resist
-cartilaginous end plate: vertebral body is connected to Articular cartilage and get nutrients from there -Annulus fibrosus: outter portions are made of rings that attach to both vertebral bodies; has more type 1 for thick collagen to resist tensile, shearing and compressive forces -nucleus pulpous: type 2 more water for shock absorber -lamella=layers of the annulus fibrous cross to resist in one direction (rotation) -together resist tensile -contain nucleus
32
Movements of vertebral bodies in each plane
-translation in the frontal plane -compression/distraction in vertical plan (axial) -anterior/posterior translation in sagittal plane -side to side rotation tilting in frontal plane -rotation in transverse plane -anterior/posterior rotation (tilting) - more rotation when being and small amounts when standing
33
IVD function in response to forces and nucleus migration
-posterior/flexion: compression anteriorly + distraction posteriorly -anterior/extension: compression posteriorly + anteriorly -opposite/lateral flexion: compression IL and distraction CL
34
What is the relationship between the IVD and loads (spine)
the discs play a role in mobility and stability -the spine and discs allow for great mobility during light or no loads - the spine and discs allow for great stability during heavy loads - during a compressive force, the nucleus pushes out and the annulus contains it giving the disc stability
35
What is a herniated/protrusion nucleus pulposus
when there is a protrusion of the nucleus pulpous into the annulus fibrosus
36
What is a prolasped/extrusion of the nucleus pulposus
when the nucleus pulpous breaks through the annulus fibrosus
37
What is a sequestration of the nucleus puplosus
the parts of the that are free outside the disc
38
What is the classification and role of the facet (zygoapophyseal) joints?
-diarthrodial synovial joint - role is to guid, limit, and control motion as well as to protect discs from shearing forces
39
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Vertebral body to vertebral body on the anterior surface -limits extension
40
Posterior longitudinal ligament
vertebral body to vertebral body posteriorly -limits flexion
41
Ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)
lamina to lamina -limits flexion
42
interspinous
between the spinous processes -limits flexion
43
intertransversalis
between the transverse processes -limits lateral flexion
44
Supraspinous
runs the length of the spinal column above the spinous process -limits flexion
45
additional spinal support besides ligaments
-facet joint capsule: limits flexion/extension by limiting superior/inferior glide -muscle: dynamic stability -thoracolumbar fascia: stability The abdomen is a closed loop and has hoop stress
46
Describe hoop stress`
the abs provide hope stress through the thoracolumbar fascia to help support the spine
47
what is the sacrohorizontal/lumbosacral angle
-S1 slops anterior and inferior (40º) -sacral facets are directed posteriorly - the facet joints are a bony block that keep L5 from sliding forward -the isthmus is a tiny bone that keeps it from sliding forward
48
1. spondyolysis 2. spondylolysthesis
1. a fracture: isthmus breaks and L5 wants to slide forward 2. slippage L5 slides forward
49
Describe the anatomy of the SI joint
Sacroiliac joint - articulation at S1 to S3 levels - C shaped articular surface - synovial then modified synarthrosis (the pelvis is lined with fibrocartilage but the sacrum is lined with articular cartilage -as we age the surfaces become less smooth making little ridges that help lock the joint in place - minimal movement due to strong ligamentous support
50
SI ligaments
1. sacroiliac (anterior/posterior): sacrum to ilium 2. Interosseous: between the bones (intimate with the joint) 3. sacrospinous: sacrum to iliac spine 4. sacrotuberous: sacrum to ischial tuberosity
51
SI forces
1. gravity: pushes torso downward and wedges the scrum into pelvis making a closed ring 2. ground reaction: ground pushes up through the legs
52
Pubic symphysis joint
-functions with SI joint (forms a closed ring) -synarthrosis -fibrocartilage disc
53
Pubic symphysis ligaments/support
superior, inferior and posterior -anterior muscular support
54
What happens during spinal flexion to 1. vertebral bodies 2. Articular processes 3. disc 4. spinous process 5. IV foramen 6. limits to motion
1. vertebral bodies: tilt anterior (cervical has some shearing) 2. Articular processes: superior glide 3. disc: anterior = compression posterior = distraction and the nucleus is pushed posterior 4. spinous process: ligaments are taut 5. IV foramen: increases in size 6. limits to motion: interspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flava, nuchal ligament
55
Spinal stenosis
caused by degeneration of IVD or a build of Boone around the IV foramen -narrowing the area where the nerve comes out -flexion will alleviate symptoms
56
Spinal extension 1. vertebral bodies 2. facets 3. disc 4. spinous process 5. IV foramen 6. limits to motion
1. vertebral bodies: tilt posterior 2. facets: glide inferior 3. disc: anterior = distraction, posterior = compression and nucleus gets pushed anteriorly 4. spinous process: relaxed 5. IV foramen: narrows 6. limits to motion: anterior longitudinal ligament
57
Spinal lateral bending on the concavity side 1. vertebral bodies 2. facets 3. disc 4. IV foramen 5. limits to motion
1. vertebral bodies: Tilt toward 2. facets: inferior glide 3. disc: compression 4. IV foramen: narrows 5. limits to motion: joint capsule, inter transversealis on other side
58
Spinal lateral bending- convexity 1. vertebral bodies/disc 2. facets 3. IV foramen 4. limits to motion
1. tension (also tension on annuleus) 2. facet glides superiorly 3. foramen opens on the side 4. limiting structures: intertransveralis
59
describe the sacral motions
1. flexion/nutation: the base (top of the sacrum that articulates with L5) moves anteriorly - pelvic brim (top opening) reduced - pelvic outlet (bottom opening) increased 2. extension or couternutation: base moves posteriorly - pelvic brim increases - pelvic outlet decreases
60
What are the force couples of pelvic tilti
- lumbar extensors and hip flexors produce an anterior pelvic tilt with lumbar extension -abdominal muscles with the hip extensors produce a posterior pelvic tilt with lumbar flexion
61
Lumbopelvic rhythm
for every 4 of thoracolumbar motion there are 3 degrees of hip motion

Movement Science (17 decks)

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