Foot Problems

Question 1

what are examples of non-operative management

Answer 1

analgesia
show wear modification
activity modification
physiotherapy
orthotics

Question 2

what are examples of forefoot probelms

Answer 2

hall valgus
hallux rigidus
lesser toe deformities
Mortons neuroma 
rheumatoid forefoot

Question 3

describe half valgus

Answer 3

bunions

lateral angulation of the greater toe

Question 4

what is the cause of hallux valgus

Answer 4

genetic
footwear
female-presents with metatarsalgia

Question 5

what is the diagnosis of callous halgus

Answer 5

clinical

xray

Question 6

what is the management of hallux valgus

Answer 6

shoe wear modification
analgeisa
operative- osteotomy of 1st metatarsal
sometimes proximal phalanges

Question 7

describe hallux rigidus

Answer 7

stiff big toe
oseteoarhtiis of 1st MTP
pain at extreme dorsiflexion

Question 8

what is the cause of hallux rigidus

Answer 8

genetic

unknown

Question 9

what is the management of hallux rigidus

Answer 9

activity modification
surgery cheilectomy
1st MTPJ fusion

Question 10

what are examples of lesser toe deformities

Answer 10

claw toes
hammer toes
mallet toes

Question 11

what are they caused by

Answer 11

imbalance between flexors and extensors

Question 12

what is the management of lesser toe deformities

Answer 12

activity modification

operative-flexor to extensor tranfer, osteotomy, shortening of MTPJ joint

Question 13

what is morons neuroma

Answer 13

inflammation, swelling and numbness on plantar side

Question 14

what is the cause of Mortons neuroma

Answer 14

degenerative neuropathy
females 40-60
high healed shoes

Question 15

what are the clinical signs of Mortons neuroma

Answer 15

3rd/2nd inter webbed space

burning in toes

Question 16

how is Mortons neuroma diagnosed

Answer 16

clinical
MRI
mulders click

Question 17

what is the management of morons neuroma

Answer 17

injection for small lesions

section of normal nerve

Question 18

what is metatarsalgia

Answer 18

a symptom not a diagnosis

ball of the foot becomes painful and inflamed

Question 19

what is rheumatoid forefott

Answer 19

in people with RA
can include hallux valgus
claw toes

Question 20

what is the management of rheumatoid forefoot

Answer 20

shoewear
activity
1st MTPJ fusion

Question 21

what are examples of mid foot probelms

Answer 21

ganglia
osteoarthritis
plantar fibrzomatosis

Question 22

describe a foot ganglia

Answer 22

arise from a joint or tendon sheath capsule

Question 23

what are the causes of a foot ganglia

Answer 23

underlying arthritis

tendon pathology

Question 24

what is the treatment of a ganglion

Answer 24

aspiration

bible

Question 25

describe mid foot arthritis

Answer 25

post traumatic | rheumatoid

Question 26

what is the treatment for mid foot arthritis

Answer 26

activity injections fusion of joints

Question 27

describe plantar fibromatosis

Answer 27

mass of fibrous tissue which develops on the arch of the foot progressive sore when pressure is applied

Question 28

what is the treatment for plantar firbomatosis

Answer 28

excision | radiotherapy

Question 29

what are examples of hind foot problems

Answer 29

``` achilles tendonitis plantar fasciitis ankle osteoarhtirib tibias posterior dysfunction cavavarus foot ```

Question 30

describe Achille tendonitis

Answer 30

degenerative/overuse with little inflammation

Question 31

what can cause achilles tendonitis

Answer 31

insertional tendonipathy bursitis steroids obesity

Question 32

what are the symptoms of achilles tendonisits

Answer 32

pain during exercise pain after exercise difficulty fitting shoes

Question 33

how do you diagnose Achille tendonitis

Answer 33

clinical-tenderness, test for rupture-simmonds test | imaging-USS, MRI

Question 34

what is Simmonds test

Answer 34

squeeze calf and see fit eh foot moves | if not then there is a full rupture

Question 35

what is the management for Achille tendonitis

Answer 35

``` weight loss physioterhapy shockwave immobilisation operative- gastrocnemius recession ```

Question 36

describe plantar fasciitis

Answer 36

chronic degenerative change dysfunctional blood vessels leading to vascularity appears in althletes

Question 37

what are the clinical signs of plantar fasciitis

Answer 37

pain first thing in the morning pain on weight bearing pain located in plantar fascia lasting 2 years or more

Question 38

how is plantar fasciitis diagnosed

Answer 38

clinical USS x ray

Question 39

what is the treatment for plantar fasciitis

Answer 39

``` rest ice NSAIDS hell pads night splinting ```

Question 40

what are 3rd Lin treatments for plantar fasciitis

Answer 40

1. Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy 2. Topaz Plasma Coblation 3. Nitric Oxide 4. Platelet Rich Plasma Endoscopic / Open Surgery

Question 41

describe ankle arthritis

Answer 41

age around 46 | pain and stiffness s

Question 42

how do you diagnose ankle arthritis

Answer 42

clinical CT

Question 43

what is the management of ankle arthritis

Answer 43

arhtrodesis | joint replacement

Question 44

describe tibias posterior dysfunction

Answer 44

adult flat foot | can be medial or lateral

Question 45

what is the management of tibias posterior dysfunction

Answer 45

orthotist | reconstruction of tendon

Question 46

describe a diabetic foot ulcer

Answer 46

lack of sweating and poor blood supply leads to an ulcer

Question 47

what is the treatment of a diabetic foot ulcer

Answer 47

``` prevent smoking diabetic control splints shoes sugrerical- improve vascular supply, amputation ```

Question 48

what is Charcot foot

Answer 48

any cause of neuropathy usually caused by diabetes weakening of the bones

Question 49

what is the pathology of charcot foot

Answer 49

lack of proprioception and pain | abnormal autonomic nervous system

Question 50

what are the 3 stages of bone destruction

Answer 50

fragmentation coalescence remodelling

Question 51

what is the management of charcot foot

Answer 51

immobilisation | correct deformity- leads to ulceration then amputation