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For Science Semester 2 > For Test 1, A&P > Flashcards

For Test 1, A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system is

A

Specialize in communication and coordination

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2
Q

Maintaining homeostasis

A

Cells need to communicate with each other
Either a gap junction (cell-cell)
Neurotransmitters (neurons travel across synaptic cleft)
Paracrines (tissue fluids affect nearby cells)
Hormones (travel into blood stream, other tissues and organs)

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3
Q

What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands have ducts (carry to an surface or organ)
Endocrine glands (no ducts, easy to take hormones into the blood stream)

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4
Q

This hormone releases a target is another endocrine gland

A

Tropic hormone

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5
Q

Adenohypophysis anterior

A

3/4 of pituitary
Synthesizes 6 hormones (FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH,GH,PRL)

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6
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior 1/4 of pituitary
does not produce own hormone , stores OT and ADH

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7
Q

What two hormones synthesizes gonadotropin hormones

A

Two for gonadotropin hormones
FSH- sperm production
LH- ovulation for woman
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone for men.

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8
Q

ACTH hormone does what

A

Secretes the adrenal cortex and produce glucocorticoids

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9
Q

Does oxytocin release or produce breast milk?

A

Release breast milk
During labor contracting
Target uterus

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10
Q

ADH does what?

A

It’s an anti diuretic hormone, increase water retention (to not get dehydrated)

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11
Q

What two hormones are in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and OT

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12
Q

Thymus gland :

A

For the immune system
Secretion of thymosin and thymopoetin hormones for stimulation of other lymphatic organs
Stimulates t-lymphocyte cells for cellular immunity
Maturation of t-cells (WBC)

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13
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells: simple cuboidal
Secretes T3 and T4 iodine atoms by TSH
Increase metabolic rate
Largest gland

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14
Q

The adrenal medulla works how

A

Prepares physical activity
Stimulation = adrenaline
Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate cortext
Increase bp,bv, metabolic rate

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15
Q

Adrenal cortext layers

A

Zona glomerulosa (outer)’
Zona fasciculata (middle)
Zona Reticularis (inner)

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16
Q

Takes water indirect and increase sodium

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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17
Q

Zona Fasiculata is a type of hormone that secretes what

A

Cortisol and corticosterone as fat and protein
Helps body to adapt to stress

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18
Q

Zona Reticularis has which hormones

A

Androgen and estrogen

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19
Q

Where are hormones originally produced

A

In the islets

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20
Q

Alpha cells release when

A

Releases glucogon when glucose blood levels are low
Very low carbohydrate/ fasting or high protein

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21
Q

Insulin/beta cells secrete when

A

Lowers blood sugar levels when there is high glucose
Antagonizes glucagon
Cause : diabetes

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22
Q

What is a natural hormone woman release when having a baby

A

OT

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23
Q

Follicular cells make what hormone

A

Thyroid hormone, filled with protein rich suspension and lined with simple epithelial cells

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24
Q

SNP is what

A

Medulla cells stimulate to cortex
Makes adrenaline
Prepares body for physical activity

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25
Q

Islets of langerhan

A

Produce hormones

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26
Q

Hyperglycemic hormones

A

Raise blood, glucose concentration

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27
Q

Hypoglycemic

A

Lower blood glucose (insulin)

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28
Q

Corpus leteum

A

Follicle, after ovulation
Produces estradiol and progesterone

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29
Q

Wall of ovarian follicule

A

Granulosa celes
Produces estradiol and its in the beginning of the menestral cycle

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30
Q

In the testes what secretes testosterone and estrogen

A

Interstitial cells (in between seminiferous tubules)

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31
Q

Organ function of the liver is important to the endocrine system because

A

The bone marrow produces RBC’s
Regulate blood pressure

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32
Q

The kidneys are important to the function of the system because

A

It produces RBC’s too

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33
Q

They heart is important for the function of the system because

A

Increase bp- atrial natriuretic peptide
Increase blood volume, bp, and H20 and loss by kidneys

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34
Q

Steroids hormones

A

From hydrophobic
Needs and binds to transport protein

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35
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Releases and inhibits hormones for the anterior pituitary

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36
Q

FSH

A

Production of sperm

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37
Q

LH

A

Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

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38
Q

GHRH

A

GH: stimulates mitosis and cellular differential

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39
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Secreted parathyroid hormone
Increase calcium levels
Increase absorption of calcium levels
Decrease urinary absorption
Increase bone absorption

40
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of blood cells compared to total of blood volume

41
Q

Most abundant blood plasma

A

Albumins

42
Q

Liquid portion of blood

A

Plasma

43
Q

Viscosity?

A

Thickness, stickiness of a fluid

44
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

Deficiency of plasma proteins

45
Q

Red bone marrow produces these formed elements:

A

Hemopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblast

Colony-forming Unit- producing one class and formed elements of blood

Myeloid hemopoiesis- blood formation in bone marrow

Lymphoid hemopoiesis- Blood formation in the lymphatic organs

46
Q

The function of RBC’s

A

-Gas transport,
-O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs
-CAH; produces carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O

47
Q

The RBC’s count is

A

5 million

48
Q

Erythrocyte visual

A
  1. Developments
  2. Hemopoetic cell
  3. Erythrocyte: Has EPO receptors for erythropoietin from kidney-liver
  4. Erythroblast: x and synthesize hemoglobin
  5. Reticulocyte: leaves red bone marrow and leaves circulating blood, 0.5-1.5% left
49
Q

Erythroblasts do what

A

Produce hemoglobin

50
Q

Iron

A

Key element for hemoglobin molecule
Key for erythropoisis (production of the cell)

Low absorption: needs 5-20mg/day

Stomach acid coverts Fe3 to Fe2

Gastroferritin- bind Fe2 to intestines

51
Q

Negative feedback in RBC’s

A

Drop in RBC’s cause hypoxemia
EPO production = high RBC’s count

52
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess of RBC’s
Primary cause- cancer of erythropoietic
Secondary- emphysema (not breathing) high altitude
May increase Blood volume,pressure,viscosity

53
Q

Anemia causes

A
  1. Perumscuis :No enough B12
    2.hemorrhagic (blood loss)
  2. Hemolytic (RBC’s destruction)
54
Q

Anemia effects

A

3 pain effects:
Tissue hypoxia or necrosis: Lethargic
Low blood osmolarity, producing tissue edema
Low blood viscosity: heart races and pressure drops, cardiac failure

55
Q

What is sickle-cell-disease

A

It’s heredity
Cell becomes too flat and can’t go throughout the body

56
Q

Blood types

A

A, B, AB, O

57
Q

Antigens are also called

A

Agglutinogens

58
Q

Why does a patient have a blood clot after blood transfusion

A

Wrong antibody with antigen

59
Q

Who can AB blood get?

A

Any

60
Q

What is the newborn disease?

A

Hemolytic , if mother has formed RH+ with 2nd child
Prevention: RhoGAM Pregnant Rh- woman

61
Q

What is given to woman who are RH-

A

RhoGAM to not form anti-D anibodies

62
Q

A antigen has

A

B antibodies

63
Q

Person with a AB blood can receive

A

A blood
B blood
AB blood
O blood

64
Q

People with Positive blood have

A

Rh D with blood type Rh+ (most reactive)

65
Q

People with negative blood have

A

NO Rh factor
Can receive blood from RH- people

66
Q

What are the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

67
Q

What are the Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes (most common)
, monocytes

68
Q

Neutrophils do what

A

Fight bacterial infection

69
Q

Eosinophils do what

A

Raise for parasitic infection,allergies,diseases etc

70
Q

Basophils do what

A

Raise , with auto immune, Sinuitis, Diabetes
Secrete histamine
Secrete heparin

71
Q

Lymphocytes raise when

A

There is an infection or immune response

72
Q

Monocytes are when

A

Raise when there is a viral infection or inflammation

73
Q

What is Leucocytosis

A

High WBC (above 10,000)
Cause : Infection, allergy, disease

74
Q

Leukemia is

A

A cancer because high number of circulating leukocytosis

75
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha 2 beta cells (each combine to non protein heme)
Heme groups: non protein to moesity bind O2, FE to center
Men’s hemoglobin: 13-18
Woman’s: 12-16

76
Q

Hemostasis its production

A

Negative feedback : RBCS drop = hypoxemia
Epo stimulation makes red bone marrow
RBCs raise 3-4 days

77
Q

Erythrocyte death

A

Hemolysis in spleen and liver

78
Q

Leukocytes disorders

A

Myeloid leukemia: uncontrolled granulocyte production
Lymphoid leukemia: uncontrolled Lymphocyte or monocyte production
Acute leukemia: suddenly, rapidly, death
Chronic: undetected for months

79
Q

Synergistic effects:

A

Work together for a greater effect (FSH and testosterone for sperm production)

80
Q

Permissive effects

A

Enhances the target organs for response to a second later hormone

81
Q

Hydrophilic hormone transport

A

Monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic

82
Q

Hydrophobic hormone transport

A

Steroids and thyroid hormone
(Bind transport for protein

83
Q

PiH hormone

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

84
Q

Pineal gland

A

Converts to melatonin
May play role in cardiac Rhythms

85
Q

C (parafollicular cells)

A

Clustered cells
Secrete calcitonin by rising blood calcium
Effect: Low blood Ca2+

86
Q

Interstitial cells:

A

Lies in clusters between seminiferous tubules
Produce testosterone and estrogen

87
Q

Paracrine secretions

A

Chemicals messengers that secrete short distanced
Stimulate nearby cells

88
Q

Examples of paracrine secretions

A
  1. Histamine (cells in connective tissue)
  2. Nitric oxide (blood vessels to vasodilation)
  3. Somatostatin (from delta cells secret alpha and beta cells)
  4. Catecholamines (adrenal medulla to cortex)
89
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Decrease in TH (from birth)

90
Q

Myxedema (decrease TH)

A

Adult hypothyroidism , treat with oral thyroid hormone

91
Q

Goiter

A

ANY pathological enlargement from the thyroid gland

92
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Surgically removed
Spasms in larynx = decrease in calcium levels

93
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive PTH
Ca+2 increase
Blood levels increase

94
Q

Adrenal disorder

A

Cushing Syndrome- excess cortisol secretion
Disruption of protein metabolism and carbohydrate

Adrenal Syndrome- enlargement of sexual organs , onset puberty

95
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Cause : BC no insulin
Effect: Distruption of metabolism
Symptoms; polyuria, polydispsia, polyhagia
Elevated blood glucose levels

96
Q

Treatment for diabetes 1

A

5%-10%
Insulin is always used
Result: injection or diet
Autoantibodies attack and destroy beta cells

97
Q

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

90-95 %
Problem: insulin resistance (failure to target cells to respond insulin )
Risk Factor: age,weight,gender,ethnicity
Treatment: weight loss program / exercise

For Science Semester 2 (5 decks)

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