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For Test 1, A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system is

A

Specialize in communication and coordination

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2
Q

Maintaining homeostasis

A

Cells need to communicate with each other
Either a gap junction (cell-cell)
Neurotransmitters (neurons travel across synaptic cleft)
Paracrines (tissue fluids affect nearby cells)
Hormones (travel into blood stream, other tissues and organs)

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3
Q

What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands have ducts (carry to an surface or organ)
Endocrine glands (no ducts, easy to take hormones into the blood stream)

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4
Q

This hormone releases a target is another endocrine gland

A

Tropic hormone

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5
Q

Adenohypophysis anterior

A

3/4 of pituitary
Synthesizes 6 hormones (FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH,GH,PRL)

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6
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior 1/4 of pituitary
does not produce own hormone , stores OT and ADH

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7
Q

What two hormones synthesizes gonadotropin hormones

A

Two for gonadotropin hormones
FSH- sperm production
LH- ovulation for woman
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone for men.

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8
Q

ACTH hormone does what

A

Secretes the adrenal cortex and produce glucocorticoids

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9
Q

Does oxytocin release or produce breast milk?

A

Release breast milk
During labor contracting
Target uterus

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10
Q

ADH does what?

A

It’s an anti diuretic hormone, increase water retention (to not get dehydrated)

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11
Q

What two hormones are in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and OT

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12
Q

Thymus gland :

A

For the immune system
Secretion of thymosin and thymopoetin hormones for stimulation of other lymphatic organs
Stimulates t-lymphocyte cells for cellular immunity
Maturation of t-cells (WBC)

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13
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells: simple cuboidal
Secretes T3 and T4 iodine atoms by TSH
Increase metabolic rate
Largest gland

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14
Q

The adrenal medulla works how

A

Prepares physical activity
Stimulation = adrenaline
Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate cortext
Increase bp,bv, metabolic rate

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15
Q

Adrenal cortext layers

A

Zona glomerulosa (outer)’
Zona fasciculata (middle)
Zona Reticularis (inner)

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16
Q

Takes water indirect and increase sodium

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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17
Q

Zona Fasiculata is a type of hormone that secretes what

A

Cortisol and corticosterone as fat and protein
Helps body to adapt to stress

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18
Q

Zona Reticularis has which hormones

A

Androgen and estrogen

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19
Q

Where are hormones originally produced

A

In the islets

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20
Q

Alpha cells release when

A

Releases glucogon when glucose blood levels are low
Very low carbohydrate/ fasting or high protein

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21
Q

Insulin/beta cells secrete when

A

Lowers blood sugar levels when there is high glucose
Antagonizes glucagon
Cause : diabetes

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22
Q

What is a natural hormone woman release when having a baby

A

OT

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23
Q

Follicular cells make what hormone

A

Thyroid hormone, filled with protein rich suspension and lined with simple epithelial cells

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24
Q

SNP is what

A

Medulla cells stimulate to cortex
Makes adrenaline
Prepares body for physical activity

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25
Islets of langerhan
Produce hormones
26
Hyperglycemic hormones
Raise blood, glucose concentration
27
Hypoglycemic
Lower blood glucose (insulin)
28
Corpus leteum
Follicle, after ovulation Produces estradiol and progesterone
29
Wall of ovarian follicule
Granulosa celes Produces estradiol and its in the beginning of the menestral cycle
30
In the testes what secretes testosterone and estrogen
Interstitial cells (in between seminiferous tubules)
31
Organ function of the liver is important to the endocrine system because
The bone marrow produces RBC’s Regulate blood pressure
32
The kidneys are important to the function of the system because
It produces RBC’s too
33
They heart is important for the function of the system because
Increase bp- atrial natriuretic peptide Increase blood volume, bp, and H20 and loss by kidneys
34
Steroids hormones
From hydrophobic Needs and binds to transport protein
35
Hypophyseal portal system
Releases and inhibits hormones for the anterior pituitary
36
FSH
Production of sperm
37
LH
Stimulates ovulation Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
38
GHRH
GH: stimulates mitosis and cellular differential
39
Parathyroid gland
Secreted parathyroid hormone Increase calcium levels Increase absorption of calcium levels Decrease urinary absorption Increase bone absorption
40
Hematocrit
% of blood cells compared to total of blood volume
41
Most abundant blood plasma
Albumins
42
Liquid portion of blood
Plasma
43
Viscosity?
Thickness, stickiness of a fluid
44
Hypoproteinemia
Deficiency of plasma proteins
45
Red bone marrow produces these formed elements:
Hemopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblast Colony-forming Unit- producing one class and formed elements of blood Myeloid hemopoiesis- blood formation in bone marrow Lymphoid hemopoiesis- Blood formation in the lymphatic organs
46
The function of RBC’s
-Gas transport, -O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs -CAH; produces carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O
47
The RBC’s count is
5 million
48
Erythrocyte visual
1. Developments 2. Hemopoetic cell 3. Erythrocyte: Has EPO receptors for erythropoietin from kidney-liver 4. Erythroblast: x and synthesize hemoglobin 5. Reticulocyte: leaves red bone marrow and leaves circulating blood, 0.5-1.5% left
49
Erythroblasts do what
Produce hemoglobin
50
Iron
Key element for hemoglobin molecule Key for erythropoisis (production of the cell) Low absorption: needs 5-20mg/day Stomach acid coverts Fe3 to Fe2 Gastroferritin- bind Fe2 to intestines
51
Negative feedback in RBC’s
Drop in RBC’s cause hypoxemia EPO production = high RBC’s count
52
Polycythemia
Excess of RBC’s Primary cause- cancer of erythropoietic Secondary- emphysema (not breathing) high altitude May increase Blood volume,pressure,viscosity
53
Anemia causes
1. Perumscuis :No enough B12 2.hemorrhagic (blood loss) 3. Hemolytic (RBC’s destruction)
54
Anemia effects
3 pain effects: Tissue hypoxia or necrosis: Lethargic Low blood osmolarity, producing tissue edema Low blood viscosity: heart races and pressure drops, cardiac failure
55
What is sickle-cell-disease
It’s heredity Cell becomes too flat and can’t go throughout the body
56
Blood types
A, B, AB, O
57
Antigens are also called
Agglutinogens
58
Why does a patient have a blood clot after blood transfusion
Wrong antibody with antigen
59
Who can AB blood get?
Any
60
What is the newborn disease?
Hemolytic , if mother has formed RH+ with 2nd child Prevention: RhoGAM Pregnant Rh- woman
61
What is given to woman who are RH-
RhoGAM to not form anti-D anibodies
62
A antigen has
B antibodies
63
Person with a AB blood can receive
A blood B blood AB blood O blood
64
People with Positive blood have
Rh D with blood type Rh+ (most reactive)
65
People with negative blood have
NO Rh factor Can receive blood from RH- people
66
What are the granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
67
What are the Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (most common) , monocytes
68
Neutrophils do what
Fight bacterial infection
69
Eosinophils do what
Raise for parasitic infection,allergies,diseases etc
70
Basophils do what
Raise , with auto immune, Sinuitis, Diabetes Secrete histamine Secrete heparin
71
Lymphocytes raise when
There is an infection or immune response
72
Monocytes are when
Raise when there is a viral infection or inflammation
73
What is Leucocytosis
High WBC (above 10,000) Cause : Infection, allergy, disease
74
Leukemia is
A cancer because high number of circulating leukocytosis
75
Hemoglobin structure
2 alpha 2 beta cells (each combine to non protein heme) Heme groups: non protein to moesity bind O2, FE to center Men’s hemoglobin: 13-18 Woman’s: 12-16
76
Hemostasis its production
Negative feedback : RBCS drop = hypoxemia Epo stimulation makes red bone marrow RBCs raise 3-4 days
77
Erythrocyte death
Hemolysis in spleen and liver
78
Leukocytes disorders
Myeloid leukemia: uncontrolled granulocyte production Lymphoid leukemia: uncontrolled Lymphocyte or monocyte production Acute leukemia: suddenly, rapidly, death Chronic: undetected for months
79
Synergistic effects:
Work together for a greater effect (FSH and testosterone for sperm production)
80
Permissive effects
Enhances the target organs for response to a second later hormone
81
Hydrophilic hormone transport
Monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic
82
Hydrophobic hormone transport
Steroids and thyroid hormone (Bind transport for protein
83
PiH hormone
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
84
Pineal gland
Converts to melatonin May play role in cardiac Rhythms
85
C (parafollicular cells)
Clustered cells Secrete calcitonin by rising blood calcium Effect: Low blood Ca2+
86
Interstitial cells:
Lies in clusters between seminiferous tubules Produce testosterone and estrogen
87
Paracrine secretions
Chemicals messengers that secrete short distanced Stimulate nearby cells
88
Examples of paracrine secretions
1. Histamine (cells in connective tissue) 2. Nitric oxide (blood vessels to vasodilation) 3. Somatostatin (from delta cells secret alpha and beta cells) 4. Catecholamines (adrenal medulla to cortex)
89
Congenital hypothyroidism
Decrease in TH (from birth)
90
Myxedema (decrease TH)
Adult hypothyroidism , treat with oral thyroid hormone
91
Goiter
ANY pathological enlargement from the thyroid gland
92
Hypoparathyroidism
Surgically removed Spasms in larynx = decrease in calcium levels
93
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive PTH Ca+2 increase Blood levels increase
94
Adrenal disorder
Cushing Syndrome- excess cortisol secretion Disruption of protein metabolism and carbohydrate Adrenal Syndrome- enlargement of sexual organs , onset puberty
95
Diabetes Mellitus
Cause : BC no insulin Effect: Distruption of metabolism Symptoms; polyuria, polydispsia, polyhagia Elevated blood glucose levels
96
Treatment for diabetes 1
5%-10% Insulin is always used Result: injection or diet Autoantibodies attack and destroy beta cells
97
Treatment for type 2 diabetes
90-95 % Problem: insulin resistance (failure to target cells to respond insulin ) Risk Factor: age,weight,gender,ethnicity Treatment: weight loss program / exercise

For Science Semester 2 (5 decks)

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