Forces of Change Close to Home

Question 1

Kingsley Davis’ Social Change Theory

Answer 1

Social change is leaving an attitude or behavioural pattern behind and adopting something new.

Question 2

MacIver’s Social Change Theory

Answer 2

Social change is a change in human relationships.

Question 3

Merrill’s Social Change Theory

Answer 3

Social change is a large number of people engaging in specific activities that are different from those their parents engaged in.

Question 4

What is social change?

Answer 4

The transformation of culture and social institutions over time.

Question 5

Characteristics of Social Change

Answer 5

• Often unplanned, but sometimes intentional
• Inevitable, but some societies change faster than others
• Controversial
• Some changes are more important than others
• Continuous process
• Consequences are often unforeseen

Question 6

External Factors Influencing Social Change

Answer 6

1. Physical environment
2. Population change (e.g. Immigration and emigration)
3. Proximity to other social groups
4. Social environment, culture, and social values
5. Technology

Question 7

What is a Social Paradigm Shift?

Answer 7

A fundamental change in an individual’s or society’s view of how things work in the world

Paradigm = Pattern

Question 8

What is Cognitive Consistency?

Answer 8

Individuals avoid conflict by only associating with like-minded individuals or conforming.

How change occurs in an individual’s life depends on the social and environmental stimuli around them.

Question 9

Conforming

Answer 9

Following and sticking to social norm and roles.

Question 10

Like-mindedness

Answer 10

Cognitive consistency

Question 11

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 11

First to coin the term “adolescence”

Stated that children became more dependent on their parents for longer periods of time as the world evolved

Felt that adolescents were often contradictory
- “Storm and Stress”

Only studied males

Question 12

Margaret Mead

Answer 12

American Anthropologist.

Studied cultural and biological factors that shaped adolescent girls in Samoa.

Interacted with girls 9 - 20 years old.

Argued cultural factors caused emotional and psychological stress, not biological ones.

Question 13

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

Answer 13

When the mind tries to hold two conflicting beliefs at the same time.

Question 14

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 14

The tendency to search for information that confirms beliefs you already have.

Question 15

What is Macro-sociology?

Answer 15

Analyses social systems on a large scale. It studies wide-sweeping changes that affect entire societies.

Question 16

What is a social paradigm shift?

Answer 16

When a new set of ideas, beliefs, and values becomes strong enough to affect and change the way individuals perceive reality

Question 17

What is socialization?

Answer 17

Socialization is the general process of acquiring culture. It is the process that shapes children to be responsible members of society.

Question 18

What does socialization do for an individual?

Answer 18

Allows them to acquire norms and values in a culture.

Lets them take on a role in society

Teaches them to control impulses

Develops self-concept (e.g. gender identity)

Question 19

What is ‘personal fable’?

Answer 19

A belief during adolescence that no one understands what they are going through and that they are experiencing something completely unique.

Question 20

What is the ‘imaginary audience’?

Answer 20

A belief during adolescence that everyone is watching and judging what a person is doing.

All eyes are on them

Question 21

What is ‘invincibility’?

Answer 21

The belief during adolescence that no bad things can happen to them because their experience is so unique. This leads to risk taking behaviours.

Question 22

First stage of cognitive development

Answer 22

Sensorimotor (ages 0 - 2)

Motor responses and sensory curiosity

Simple use of language

Object permanence developing

Question 23

Second stage of cognitive development

Answer 23

Preoperational (ages 2 - 7)

Begin using full sentences

Strong imagination and intuition

Abstract thought is difficult

More conversations

Question 24

Third stage of cognitive development

Answer 24

Concrete Operational (ages 7 - 11)

Understanding of time and space

Developing concepts of quantity (money, time)

Question 25

Fourth stage of cognitive development

Answer 25

Formal operational (ages 11 - older years) Hypothetical thinking Can make predictions Empathetic Logical and rational thought developing

Question 26

Developmental tasks for adolescents

Answer 26

Robert Havighurst's theory - Accept one's physique - Develop healthy relations with peers (Both sexes) - Establish emotional independence - Work toward economic independence - Select and prepare for career - Achieve socially acceptable behaviour - Select a mate and prep for marriage and family

Question 27

Infancy Stage

Answer 27

(0 - 18 months) basic conflict: trust vs. mistrust Important events: feeding, comfort Key questions: Is my world safe? Outcome: Caregivers provide care and affection, so children develop trust. A lack of this leads to mistrust

Question 28

Early Childhood

Answer 28

(2 - 3 years) Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. shame Important events: toilet training, dressing Key questions: Can I do this myself? Do I need to rely on others forever? Outcome: Children must learn a sense of control over physical skills and gain independence to feel autonomy. Failure results in shame and doubt

Question 29

Preschool

Answer 29

(3 - 5 years) Basic conflict: Initiative vs. guilty Important events: Exploration and play Key questions: Am I good or bad? Outcome: Children need control and power over the environment. Success lead to sense of purpose. Children to exert too much power experience disapproval, leading to a sense of guilt.

Question 30

School age

Answer 30

(6 - 11 years) Basic conflict: Industry vs. inferiority Important events: School and activities Key questions: How can I be good? Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feeling of inferiority

Question 31

Adolescence

Answer 31

(12 - 18 years) Basic Conflict: Identity vs. role confusion Important events: Social relationships and identity Key Questions: Who am I and where am I going? Outcome: Need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Failure leads to role confusion and weak sense of self

Question 32

Young Adult

Answer 32

(19 - 40) Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation Important events: Intimate relationships Key questions: Am I loved and wanted? Outcome: Young adults need to form loving relationships with other people. Failure results in loneliness and isolation

Question 33

Middle Adulthood

Answer 33

(40 - 65 years) Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation Important Events: Work and parenthood Key questions: Will I provide something of real value? Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them. Failure results in shallow involvement in the world

Question 34

Maturity

Answer 34

(65 - death) Basic conflict: Ego identity vs. despair Important events: Reflection on life Key questions: Have I lived a full life? Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair

Question 35

Elements of social alienation

Answer 35

Powerlessness Meaninglessness Normlessness Social isolation Self-estrangement

Question 36

Powerlessness

Answer 36

Belief that one's behaviour cannot determine the desired outcome. The individual feels alienated because he/she cannot bridge gap between action they want to take and what they are capable of. The belief that one doesn't have the necessary skills or means to accomplish a goal.

Question 37

Meaninglessness

Answer 37

Occurs when one is unable to predict the outcomes of their behaviour and have a diminished sense of ability to predict future outcomes.

Question 38

Normlessness

Answer 38

When social norms deteriorate and no longer act as a guide for personal behaviour. It is difficult to identify with the dominant values of society. There is no connection between oneself and the rules that govern behaviour.

Question 39

Social Isolation

Answer 39

Individual prefers to be alone at all times. In extreme cases, leads to complete withdrawal.

Question 40

Self-estrangement

Answer 40

State of emotional and psychological being in which one denies personal interests and prefers to be disengaged. May begin to lose sight of who they are.

Question 41

Theory of Peer Orientation

Answer 41

Theorist: Maté Theory explaining suicide When peers take the place of parents as major socialization agents. More harmful when an individual has experienced rejection or bullying. The victim may feel isolated and alienated which can lead to suicidal thoughts if bullying is prolonged.

Question 42

Altruistic Suicide

Answer 42

Occurs when the individual is so closely integrated with their social group that they commit suicide because of a perceived benefit of the group (e.g. if they feel they are a burden to the group, they will commit suicide)

Question 43

Egoistic Suicide

Answer 43

Occurs when the individual has an overpowering sense of personal responsibility or guilt over moral weakness or failure (e.g. they feel like they let someone down and feel guilt over it)

Question 44

Golden Circle: What

Answer 44

Corresponds to the outer sections of the brain - Responsible for rational and analytical thought - Helps us understand facts, figures, features, and benefits - Responsible for language Every organization knows WHAT they do. The products they sell or the services they offer.

Question 45

Golden Circle: How

Answer 45

Corresponds to the middle section of the brain (Limbic system) - Responsible for behaviour and decision making - Feelings like trust and loyalty - No capacity for language - Where 'gut feelings' come from Some organizations know HOW they do it. These are the things that make them special or set them apart from their competition.

Question 46

Golden Circle: Why

Answer 46

Corresponds to the middle section of the brain (Limbic system) - Responsible for behaviour and decision making - Feelings like trust and loyalty - No capacity for language - Where 'gut feelings' come from Very few organizations know WHY they do what they. WHY is not about making money. It's a purpose, cause, or belief.

Question 47

Dragonfly Effect: Wing One

Answer 47

Focus Humanistic - Know your audience Actionable - Small, short-term steps that lead to bigger vision Testable - Measure your progress and base your following steps on the results you get Clarity - clear goals enable success Happiness - Choose objectives that matter

Question 48

Dragonfly Effect: Wing Two

Answer 48

Grab Attention You must know your audience to know what will be different enough to catch their attention, but not so different that they are uncomfortable and don't engage

Question 49

Dragonfly Effect: Wing Three

Answer 49

Engage Tell a story Empathize with your audience Be authentic

Question 50

Dragonfly Effect: Wing Four

Answer 50

Take action

Question 51

What is scarcity culture?

Answer 51

A societal mindset focused on lack, competition, and a belief that there's not enough to go around.