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Limbs anatomy > Forearm and wrist > Flashcards

Forearm and wrist Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what is the medial epicondyle?

A
  • on humerus
  • point of attachment for flexors
  • where ulnar nerve passes
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2
Q

what is the lateral epicondyle?

A
  • on humerus

- point of attachment for extensors and aconeus

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3
Q

what is the radial tuberosity?

A

point of attachment for biceps tendon

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4
Q

what can be found on the radius distally?

A

styloid process and articular surface for carpal bones

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5
Q

how is the radius connected to the ulna?

A

by a interosseus membrane

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6
Q

what is special about the pisiform?

A

sesamoid bone

bone embedded within a tendon or muscle

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7
Q

what processes can be found on the head of the ulna?

A
  • olecranon posteriorly

- coronoid anteriorly

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8
Q

what does the olecranon articulate with?

A
  • olecranon fossa of humerus

- has a trochlear notch for the trochlea of the humerus

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9
Q

what is the distal styloid process of the ulna?

A

articular surface for the attachment of the radius and carpal bones

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10
Q

what are the forearm muscles categorised into?

A

flexors and pronators - anteriorly

extensors and supinators - posterioly

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11
Q

what is the common origin of the muscles in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

common flexor tendon

on medial epicondyle of humerus

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12
Q

what are the muscles in the superficial anterior compartment of forearm?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • palmaris longus
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
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13
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment sites of the pronator teres?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head
distal: midpoint of radius

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14
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment of the FCR?

A

Proximal: common flexor tendon
Distal: proximal head of metacarpal of index finger

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15
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachment of FCU?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head, middle third of radius
distal: metacarpals of middle 3 fingers

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16
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the palmaris longus?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon
distal: metacarpals of middle 3 fingers

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17
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

proximal: common flexor tendon, ulnar head, middle third of radius
distal: 2nd phalanges of 4 fingers

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18
Q

what are the muscles in the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorium profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus

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19
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the FDP?

A

proximal: proximal 2/3rds of ulna
distal: most distal phalanges of 4 fingers

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20
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the FPL?

A

proximal: middle third of radius
distal: distal phalanx of thumb

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21
Q

what are the proximal and distal attachments of the PQ?

A

proximal: distal part of ulna
distal: distal part of radius

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22
Q

what is a retinaculum?

A

thickened ligament that holds down tendons so they don’t bow

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23
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum also known as?

A

transverse carpal ligament

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24
Q

how is the extensor retinaculum different to the flexor retinaculum?

A

lot thinner

has to cover fewer tendons

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25
what are the extensor muscles that move the wrist?
- extensor carpi ulnaris - extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi radialis brevis
26
what are the extensor muscles that move the digits?
- extensor digitorium - extensor indicis - extensor digiti minimi
27
what are the extensor muscles that move the thumb?
- abductor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus
28
what is the boundaries of the snuffbox?
demarcated by tendons of EPL in ulnar direction | EPB and APL in radial direction
29
describe the elbow joint
- articulation of radius with the capitulum of the humerus - ulnar olecranon process with its fossa - coronoid process with fossa around the trochlea of humerus
30
what is the elbow joint stabilised by?
radial and ulnar collateral ligaments | annular ligaments of radius - also allow pronation/supination
31
what stabilised the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
annular ligament of radius
32
what is the effect of the pronator teres on the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
acts across this joint to turn head of radius about ulna
33
what is the effect of the pronator quadratus on the distal radio-ulnar joint?
acts across it to bring the head of the radius up and over the ulna to pronate the hand
34
why does the ulna not articulate with the triquetrium?
articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint interferes
35
what stabilised the wrist joint?
radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
36
what nerves innervate elbow flexion?
C5, C6
37
which muscles are involved in elbow flexion?
biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis pronator teres
38
what nerves innervate elbow extension?
C6, C7
39
which muscles are involved in elbow extension?
triceps | anconeus
40
which muscles are involved in wrist pronation?
``` pronator teres pronator quadratus Flexion carpi radialis Pollicis longus brachioradialis ```
41
which muscles are involved in wrist supination?
supinator biceps Extensor Pollicis Longus Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
42
which muscles are involved in wrist flexion?
``` flexor carpi ulnaris flexor carpi radialis pollicis longus abduction pollicis longus long flexors of thumb and fingers ```
43
which muscles are involved in wrist extension?
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris long extensors of thumb and fingers
44
which muscles are involved in wrist abduction?
extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis flexor carpi radialis abduction pollicis longus
45
which muscles are involved in wrist adduction?
extensor carpi ulnaris | flexor carpi ulnaris
46
when the subclavian artery passes over the first rib, what does it become?
Axillary artery
47
what does the axillary artery become below the teres major? what does it also give up?
brachial artery | also gives off profunda brachii
48
what does the brachial artery split into at the elbow?
ulnar and radial arteries
49
what can the brachial artery also give rise to?
superior and inferior collateral ulnar arteries | these join the recurrent ulnar arteries around the elbow
50
what does the profunda brachii give rise to?
medial collateral artery
51
what does the medial collateral artery anastomose with?
anastomoses with interosseus recurrent artery which is a branch of the posterior interosseous artery behind elbow joint
52
what does the ulnar artery give off?
common interosseous branch | this immediately splits into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
53
what are the arches of the hand formed by?
they are anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries
54
what helps to form the dorsal carpal arch?
anterior and posterior interoseous arteries join on the dorsal side of the hand
55
what is the cubital fossa?
triangle anterior to elbow joint
56
what are the borders of the cubital fossa?
medial border: lateral border of pronator teres lateral border: medial border of brachioradialis line b/ epicondyles
57
what does the cubital fossa contain?
radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
58
where does the cephalic (superficial) vein run?
runs up lateral border of arm
59
where does the basilic (deep) vein run?
medial border of arm
60
how is the axillary vein formed?
basilic vein joins venae commitantes to form the axillary vein
61
how does the cephalic join the basilic?
via medial cubital vein (not always present) | or joins at axillary vein in axilla
62
what does the superficial venous palmar arch give rise to?
perforating veins of the forearm some of these join cephalic vein some form the median vein of the forearm
63
describe the deep drainage of the arm
follows the arteries
64
what does the deep palmar arch give rise to?
ulnar and radial veins anterior interosseous vein these are the venae comitantes
65
what does the dorsal venous network give rise to?
some of the radial veins | posterior interosseous veins
66
where do superficial and deep lymphatics run?
with veins
67
which lymph nodes drain most of the forearm and hand?
cubital lymph nodes
68
which nodes drain the distal parts of the upper limb?
axillary nodes
69
what spinal segments make up the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5,6,7
70
what does the musculocutaneous nerve give motor supply to?
anterior compartment of arm
71
what does the musculocutaneous give sensory supply to?
lateral part of forearm
72
what spinal segments make up the radial nerve?
C5,6,7,8 T1
73
what does the radial nerve supply?
main supply to posterior compartment of arm and forearm | supplies triceps
74
what does the radial nerve divide into just above the elbow?
deep posterior interosseous nerve (motor) | superficial radial nerve (sensory)
75
what spinal segments make up the median nerve?
C6,7,8 T1
76
what does the median nerve supply?
main motor supply to muscles of forearm
77
in what places is the median nerve easily damaged?
- distal part of humerus as it passes the medial supracondylar ridges - passes near head of scaphoid which is very weak
78
what spinal segments make up the ulnar nerve?
C8, T1
79
what does the ulnar nerve supply?
main supply to muscles of the hand | supplies only FCU, ulnar half of FDP
80
At what point is the ulnar nerve vulnerable to damage?
as it courses around the posterior part of medial epicondyle

Limbs anatomy (7 decks)

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