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Limbs anatomy > The hand > Flashcards

The hand Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What does the interosseous membrane do?

A

creates the separation between the anterior and posterior compartments of arm

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2
Q

What do the distal radius and ulna articulate with?

A

With the proximal row of carpal bones (apart from pisiform)

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3
Q

What are the proximal carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform

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4
Q

What are the distal carpal bones?

A

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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5
Q

What is the carpal arch?

A

carpal bones don’t lie in a flat plane

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6
Q

what forms the anterior wall of carpal tunnel?

A

flexor reticulum spans distance b/ medial, lateral sides of base to form ant wall

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7
Q

How many metacarpals? what do they articulate with?

A

5, articulate with distal row of carpal bones

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8
Q

How many phalanges are there in each finger?

A

3 (proximal, middle, distal)

2 in thumb (proximal, distal)

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9
Q

What is palmar fascia?

A

palmar aponeurosis which overlies the long flexor tendons of the hand

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10
Q

what is the palmar fascia continuous with proximally?

A

flexor retinaculum

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11
Q

what is the palmar fasica continous with distally?

A

fibrous digital sheaths

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12
Q

what is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

triangular condensation of deep fascia that covers palm, anchored to skin in distal regions

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13
Q

what lies deep to the palmar aponeurosis in palm?

A

vessels, nerves, long flexor tendons

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14
Q

What is the palmaris brevis?

A

small intrinsic muscle of hand

originates from palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum

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15
Q

what does the palmaris brevis overlie?

A

hypothenar muscles,
ulnar artery,
superficial branch of ulnar nerve

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16
Q

What are fibrous digital sheaths?

A

contain the flexor tendons and their synovial sheaths

hold tendons to bone plane, prevent tendons from bowing when digits are flexed

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17
Q

What is the anatomical snuffbox?

A

triangular depression on posterolateral side of wrist and metacarpal 1
formed by extensor tendons passing into thumb

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18
Q

What passes through the snuffbox?

A

radial artery

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19
Q

what can you feel in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

scaphoid

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20
Q

describe the position of the medial septa

A

palmar aponeurosis to metacarpal of little finger

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21
Q

describe the position of the lateral septa

A

palmar aponeurosis to metacarpal of middle finger

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22
Q

what are the 5 compartments of the hand?

A 
thenar - near thumb
hypothenar - medial, near little finger
central - defined by 2 septa
adductor - dorsal to thenar space
interosseous - most dorsal, demarcated by interosseous fascia
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23
Q

What are the 2 spaces in the hand?

A

thenar - b/ thenar compartment and adductor

midpalmar - below central compartment

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24
Q

what muscles are in the anterior superficial compartment?

A 
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorium superficialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
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25
what muscles are in the anterior deep compartment?
flexor digitorium profundus pronator quadratus felexor pollicis longus
26
What muscles are in the posterior compartment?
``` supinator Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Aconeus Extensor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indices ```
27
In general, what are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Occur entirely in hand | mainly execute precision movements w/ fingers and thumb
28
In general, what are the extrinsic muscles?
``` originate in forearm, insert in hand function in power grip ```
29
what muscles are included in the "intrinsic muscles of the hand"?
- lumbricals - interossi: Palmar, dorsal - abductor digiti minimi - flexor digiti minimi - opponens digiti minimi - adductor pollicis - adductor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis brevis - opponens pollicis
30
what do the lumbricals do?
flex the metacarpals, | extend the interphalangeal joints
31
what do the interossi muscles do?
Palmar interossi - adduct the digits (PAD) | Dorsal interossi - abduct the digits (DAB)
32
what does the abductor digiti minimi do?
- in the hypothenar compartment | - abducts the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
33
what does the flexor digiti minimi do?
- in the hypothenar compartment | - flexes little finger at metacarpophalangeal joint
34
what does the opponens digiti minimi do?
- in hypothenar compartment | - laterally rotates metacarpal V
35
what does the adductor pollicis do?
- adductor compartment | - only pollicis muscle supplied by ulnar nerve
36
what does the abductor pollicis brevis do?
- thenar compartment | - abducts thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint
37
which muscles abduct the thumb?
- abductor pollicis brevis (APB) | - abductor pollicis longus (APL)
38
Which muscles adduct the thumb?
- adductor policis | - first dorsal interosseus
39
which muscle cause thumb opposition?
opponens pollicis
40
which muscles cause thumb flexion?
- flexor pollicis longus | - flexor pollicis brevis
41
which muscles extend the thumb?
- extensor pollicis longus - extensor pollicis brevis - abductor pollicis longus
42
what are the tendons in the anterior compartment?
- fibrous digital sheaths: annular, cruciform parts | - osseo-fibrous tunnels: long flexor tendons (FDP, FDS) run in these in their synovial sheaths
43
what is the connection of the FDS and FDP with the phalanx?
FDS splits around FDP to the middle phalanx | FDP goes to the distal phalanx
44
what are the tendons in the posterior compartment?
- extensor retinaculum (6 main extensor tendons) - synovial tendon sheaths - intertendinous bands - extensor expansions - extensor digitorium, extensor indices, extensor digiti minimi
45
what are the extensor expansions?
- lumbricals and interossi attach to these - are hoods over phalangi-metacarpal joints - long extensor tendons go through them
46
what is the wrist joint?
synovial joint b/ distal end of radius and articular disc overlying distal end of ulna and the scaphoid, lunate, triqetrum
47
what is the capsule of the wrist joint reinforced by?
- palmar radiocarpal - palmar ulnocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
48
what do the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments of the wrist do?
reinforce medial and distal rows
49
describe how the carpal-metacarpal joints work?
carpal bones make a recess for metacarpals to project into | w/ the distal carpals articulating with the thumb metacarpal
50
what are the movements of the carpal-metacarpal joints?
``` flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction ```
51
what is the saddle joint?
b/ metacarpal 1 and trapezium | gives wide range of mobility to thumb that you don't get with other digits
52
describe the metacarpo-phalangeal joint
joint b/ distal head of metacarpals and proximal phalanges | condylar joint
53
what movements occur at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
54
what is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint stabilised by?
- ulnar collateral ligaments of the thumb | - palmar ligaments
55
what muscles cause wrist flexion?
- flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - long flexors of thumb and fingers - palmaris longus - abductor pollicis longus
56
what muscles cause wrist extension?
- extensor carpi radialis brevis - extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi ulnaris - long extensors of thumb and fingers
57
what muscles cause wrist adduction?
- extensor carpi ulnaris | - flexor carpi ulnaris
58
what muscles cause wrist abduction?
- abductor pollicis longus - flexor carpi radialis - extensor carpi radialis longus - extensor carpi radialis brevis
59
where is the ulnar artery?
beside FCU at wrist
60
name some of the branches of the ulnar artery
- interosseous arteries in forearm - superficial palmar arch --> palmar digital arteries - deep palmar branch
61
where is the radial artery?
under brachioradials besides FCR at wrist passes through snuffbox
62
what are the branches of the radial artery?
deep palmar arch | give rise to palmar metacarpal arteries
63
what is the median nerve?
main nerve of the anterior forearm | some supply to hands intrinsic muscles
64
where is the median nerve?
deep to PL | goes through carpal tunnel
65
what is the median nerve motor to?
``` thenar muscles (APB, FPB, OP) and lateral 2 lumbricals ```
66
what is the median nerve sensory to?
palmar surface of thumb, index, middle and half of ring finger
67
what is the ulnar nerve?
main nerve of hand | some of anterior compartment
68
where is the ulnar nerve?
at wrist lies by FCU | runs over flexor retinaculum lateral to pisiform
69
what does the superficial sensory branch of the ulnar nerve supply?
palmar surfaces of little finger, half of ring finger, ulnar part of palm and dorsum
70
what does the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve supply?
hypothenar muscles adductor pollicis lumbricals (3 and 4) all the interossi
71
what is the radial nerve?
posterior compartment of forearm | some sensory to hand
72
where does the radial nerve divide? into what?
divides just above the elbow into: - deep posterior interosseous nerve (motor) - superficial radial nerve (sensory)
73
what is the sensory supply of the radial nerve?
dorsum of hand
74
what is the motor supply of the radial nerve?
no motor to the hand
75
what are digital nerves?
purely sensory | often damaged
76
describe the carpal tunnel structure
scaphoid, pisiform, hamate and trapezoid form a gutter | roof = flexor retinaculum
77
what does the carpal tunnel contain?
- median nerve - 4 flexor tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis - 4 flexor tendons of - digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus tendon
78
what facilitates the free movement of tendons in the carpal tunnel?
synovial sheaths
79
what is carpal tunnel syndrome?
entrapment syndrome | caused by pressure on median nerve within carpal tunnel
80
what are the causes of carpel tunnel syndrome?
overuse, swelling of tendons/tendon sheaths, cysts arising from carpal joints
81
describe the power grip
- long flexors of fingers and thumb, - intrinsic palm muscles - extensors of the wrist joint to maintain tension
82
describe the precision grip
wrist and fingers are held rigidly by long flexors/extensors | intrinsic hand muscles carry out fine movements
83
describe the hook grip
consumes little energy | mainly long flexors of digits

Limbs anatomy (7 decks)

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