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Foreign Animal Diseases Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Heartwater (prevention and control)

A

Non-endemic

  • quarantine imports
  • all wild ruminants imported from Africa (PCR for E. Ruminatum)
  • all wild ungulates, birds, and reptiles imported to US (examine for ticks)

No commercial vaccine presently exists; all experimental
(Infection and treatment): inoculate animals with infected blood and treat with tetracycline
Some zoonotic potential (but likely by means of tick vector)

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2
Q

Hendra (general)

A

1st seen in 1994 in Australia
Respiratory and neurological disease of horses
Not highly contagious
Zoonotic with human deaths

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3
Q

Hendra (family/genus/etc)

A 
Family: paramyxoviridae
Genus: henipavirus
Closely related to Nipah virus
Enveloped single-stranded RNA virus
Family includes:
-mumps and measles
-rinderpest virus
-human parainfluenza
-canine distemper virus
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4
Q

Hendra transmission: humans

A

-likely mode of transmission
~direct contact with fluids from infected horses

-unlikely modes of transmission
~respiratory
~human-to-human
~bat-to-human

-infected humans had extensive contact with sick horses
~no protective gear
-not all exposed humans become sick
-not all exposed horses became sick
-research on-going
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5
Q

Hendra transmission: animals

A

Mode of transmission from bats to horses unknown

  • virus excreted in urine and saliva
  • horse may contract by aerosol or ingestion of contaminated feed
  • tick vector has been proposed

Reservoir: bat (4 Pteropus species)

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6
Q

Hendra - clinical signs (human)

A

Incubation period 4-18 days
-may be up to a year

Flu like symptoms
-fever, myalagia, headaches, vertigo

Pneuomonitis
-rapid progression to respiratory failure

Meningoencephalitis

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7
Q

Hendra - clinical signs: animals

A

Injected mucous membranes, cyanotic border

Dependent edema

Head pressing

Ataxia

Frothy nasal discharge

Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia

Initial nasal discharge

  • clear to serosanguinous (frothy)
  • sudden death 1-3 days after onset
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8
Q

Hendra - pathology and diagnosis

A

Pathology:
Massive pulmonary edema

Diagnosis:

  • ELISA
  • Immunoperoxidase (formalin fixed tissues)
  • virus isolation
  • virus neutralization (detect antibodies)
  • PCR
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9
Q

Hendra - treatment

A

-intensive supportive care
-ribavirin
~May decrease duration and severity of disease
~May also delay onset
~Clinical usefulness uncertain
-prognosis uncertain due to lack of cases

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10
Q

Hendra - prevention and control

A

-difficult to assess risk
~sick horses in endemic areas
~areas inhabited by fruit bats

-in suspect cases
~do NOT handle infected tissues, blood or urine

  • Sensitive to heat and chemical disinfection
  • Directly contaminated objects (autoclave or boil)
  • 1% sodium hypochlorite solution
  • NaDCC granules
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11
Q

Nipah Virus - general

A

-Barking pig syndrome. Porcine respiratory and encephalitis syndrome, porcine respiratory and neurological syndrome

-fruit bats are reservoirs; are not affected
~virus found in urine and partially eaten fruit

  • no known secondary hosts
  • causes encephalitis or respiratory dz in pigs and humans
  • Southeast Asia
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12
Q

Nipah Virus (general: family/genus)

A

Family: paramyxoviridae
Sub-family: paramyxoviridae
Genus: henipavirus (hendra and Nipah)

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13
Q

Nipah Virus Transmission

A
  • pig respiratory secretions are highly contagious for the virus
  • contact with fluids from bats
  • spread of the disease by animal movements
  • hosts: pigs and humans
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14
Q

Nipah Virus: clinical signs - human

A

Incubation period: 4 to 20 days

  • fever and headache
  • encephalitis (dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting; seizures; progresses to coma in 24-48 hrs)
  • respiratory difficulty
  • relapsing neurologic symptoms
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15
Q

Nipah Virus: clinical signs - pigs

A 
Highly contagious 
May he asymptomatic
Acute fever (>104F)
Severe respiratory disease (characteristic cough - harsh, “barking”)
Neurological changes
Low mortality
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16
Q

Nipah Virus: clinical signs - dogs

A

Distemper-like signs
Fever, respiratory distress
Ocular and nasal discharge

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17
Q

Nipah Virus: clinical signs - cat

A

Fever, depression

Severe respiratory signs

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18
Q

Nipah Virus: clinical signs - horses

19
Q

Nipah Virus - diagnostic sampling

Study These Flashcards
A

Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted

Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

20
Q

Nipah Virus - differential diagnoses;

Study These Flashcards
A 
CSF
PRRS
Pseudorabies
Swine enzootic pneumonia
Porcine pleuropneumonia
21
Q

Nipah Virus - diagnostic tests

Study These Flashcards
A

ELISA
IHC
PCR
VI

22
Q

Nipah Virus - prevention and control

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A

Immediately notify authorities

  • federal: assistant director (formerly AVIC)
  • state: state veterinarian

Quarantine

Keep fruit bats away from pigs

Do not drink unpasteurized fruit juices

Wash, peel, and/or cook all fruit thoroughly before eating

23
Q

Nipah Virus - biological weapon

Study These Flashcards
A

CDC category C Bioterrorism Agent

Emerging pathogen

Potentially high morbidity and mortality

Major health impact

Aerosolization potential

Economic impact

Social disruption (fear, panic)

24
Q

Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) - general

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A

Acute or subacute contagious, viral disease of sheep and goats

Manifested by high fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia

1990s: re-emerging as a result of decreases in veterinary services

Found in Africa, between the Sahara & the equator, in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent

25
PPRV: agent
Family: paramyxoviridae Genus: morbivirus ``` Similar to rinderpest Other members of the family include: ~measles virus ~canine distemper Virus ~phocid distemper Virus of sea mammals ```
26
PPRV: Hosts
- primarily in sheep, goats, and gazelle (young, 2 months to 2 years most affected) - cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not transmit disease - other wild ungulates can be affected * humans are not affected
27
PPRV transmission
Direct contact/inhalation - respiratory and lachrymal secretions - feces - other body fluids (eg saliva) Carriers: unknown Fomites: role unknown
28
PPRV Incubation/duration/etc
Incubation: 3-10d Duration of disease: 2 or more weeks High morbidity: (90-100%) High case fatality rate (50-100%) *goats more susceptible than sheep
29
PPRV clinical signs
- Fever and depression - Mucopurulent ocular and nasal secretions - congested mucosas and necrotic stomatitis - severe diarrhea - bronchopneumonia - death
30
PPRV- pathology
- inflammatory and necrotic lesions (oral cavity; throughout GI tract) - Emaciation (“zebra stripe” lesions of congestion in large intestines) - Bronchopneumonia and other respiratory lesions - enlarged lymph nodes - lesions similar to rinderpest * PPR should be considered in any acutely febrile, highly contagious disease with oral erosions and GI signs
31
PPRV: differential diagnoses
- contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - blue tongue - pasteurollosis - contagious ecthyma - foot and mouth disease - heartwater - coccidiosis - Nairobi sheep disease
32
PPRV: diagnostics & txt
Diagnostics: - antigen detection - antibody detection - nucleic acid detection - histopathology (lympholytic lesions and inclusion bodies) *no specific txt; supportive care Good natural immunity post-infection *modified live PPR vaccine available
33
PPRV: prevention and control
- PPR Virus killed by most common disinfectants - virus survives for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues - affected area should be quarantined - infected animals slaughtered - carcasses burned or buried - proper disposal of contact fomites, decontamination - import restrictions
34
PPRV: outbreaks/endemic/vaccines?
Outbreaks -ring vaccination, High-risk populations Endemic areas -used to control disease Vaccine types - attenuated rinderpest vaccine - homologous, attenuated PPR vaccine - recombinant vaccine
35
Rift Valley Fever: general
Infectious enzootic hepatitis of sheep and cattle Acute, arthropod-borne zoonotic Introduction could be similar to West Nile virus Affects domestic ruminants: high mortality in young and abortions in pregnant animals
36
Rift Valley Fever: endemic vs outbreaks
Endemic in tropical Africa ~cyclic epidemics 5-15yr (susceptible animal populations) ~abnormally heavy rainfalls ~peaks in late summer Outbreaks ~Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt Recognized outside of Africa in 2000
37
RVF Virus: Agent
Family: Bunyaviridae Genus: phelbovirus Only one serotype Stable at: ~60C to 23C ~50-85% relative humidity Inactivated ~lipid solvents ~detergents ~low pH Same family as hantavirus
38
RVF Virus Hosts
- cattle, sheep, goats, dromedaries, several rodents - wild ruminants, buffaloes, antelopes, wildebeest - dogs, cats, horses and some monkeys - human
39
RVF Transmission | Enzootic vs epizootic situation
Enzootic areas: -RVF circulates between wild ruminants and mosquitos; disease is usually inapparent Epizootic situation: -increased Aedes mosquitos transmit RVF to susceptible domestic ruminants (principal amplifier/transmitter) ~transovarial transmission ~eggs dormant in soil for long periods ~heavy rainfall, eggs hatch -viremic cattle subsequently infect other species or mosquitoes which in turn infect an even broader range of vertebrates include amplifying hosts: ~Culex and Anopheles mosquito species ~Biting flies: midges, phlebotomids, stomoxids, simulids
40
RVF types of transmission
Biological Direct & aerosols Mechanical
41
RVF - Biological transmission
- primary maintenance host and source: Aedes spp. - important viral amplifier: Culex spp. - various other mosquitoes; most predominant are species of Anopheles, Mansonia and Eretampodites
42
RVF transmission through direct contact and aerosols
- less important in animals - in humans, infection can occur through contact with tissues, blood, secretions and excretions is infected animals - milk?
43
RVF - mechanical transmission
Stomoxys, Tabanids, gnats
44
Ingredients for RVF outbreak
1) intense rains/flooding results in massive increase in the vector population (eclosion); accumulation of water in low depression (“dambos”) 2) an accessible, susceptible ruminant population 3) presence or introduction of virus 4) transmission to ruminants, which amplify RVF Virus *high risk public health disease and high consequence BT Agent

Foreign Animal Diseases (2 decks)

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