Foreign Animal Diseases Flashcards

Question

Sheep & Goat Pox: Clinical Signs

Answer 1

Fever, conjunctivitis, depression, anorexia, dyspnea, nasal or ocular discharge, secondary bacterial infections are common - Looks like ORF but all over body - papules forming into hard scabs - lesions may cover body or be restricted to **axilla, perineum and groin, ears or tail ** - Death may occur at any stage

Answer 2

Incubation Period: 4-13 days Morbidity: up to 80% Mortality: 50-90% (higher in young)

Answer 3

``` contagious exthyma bluetongue mycotic dermatitis sheep scab mange photosensitization peste des petits ruminants parasitic pneumonia caseous lymphadenitis insect bites ```

Answer 4

Clinical: -suspect in febrile animals with characteristic full-thickness skin lesions Laboratory: - Do not sample scabs - Viral isolation, electron microscopy - Numerous antigen tests

Answer 5

-Vaccinate Outbreak in endemic area - small scale - Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect - ring vaccination Outbreak in endemic area - large scale - Massive vaccination - movement restrictions

Answer 6

-keep free with import restrictions and proper quarantine -Prevent introduction of infected animal products ~Meat, hair, wool, hides ~Virus found on wool or hair for 3 months after inoculation

Answer 7

- Quarantine, slaughter infected and exposed, clean and disinfect - ring vaccination - No carrier state - Isolate infected herds and sick animals for at least 45 days after recovery

Answer 8

- sodium hypochlorite - phenol 2% for 15 minutes - Detergents -**Virus can survive: ~6 months in the environment ~2 months in wool ~Extended periods in dried scabs

Answer 9

- Viral diseases - Mainfested by lameness, vesicular lesions and subsequently erosions of epithelium of mouth, nares, muzzle, feet and teats - Vesicular diseases are clinically indistinguishable from each other. Laboratory confirmation is required. - Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD); Vesicular Stomatitis (VS); Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD); Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES); *Seneca Valley Virus, or Seneca Virus A (SVA) is an endemic FMD look alike-outbreaks in swine herds in the midwest and southeast in 2015

Answer 10

Picornaviridae, Apthovirus | Virus Serotypes: 7 types (with >60 immunological different subtypes)

Answer 11

- highly sensitive: pH <6 or >9 - somewhat sensitive; UV sunlight - inactivated at >70C (158F)/30 minutes - sensitive; many disinfectants - sensitive: dry environment - Stable: in moist, organic-rich materials - stable: low temperatures - survives regular milk pasteurization - inactivated by ultra heat treatment (UHT) pasteurization

Answer 12

- FMD is not considered a zoonotic disease - humans are not clinically susceptible to FMDV (few lab-related infections reported) - **not to be confused with "hand-foot-mouth disease" caused by human coxsackie A6 virus and other enteroviruses (same virus family - picornaviridae) - However, FMD does cause a negative impact on public health (mental health - increased rate of suicides; affects nutrition by decreases in the availability of animal protein)

Answer 13

- FMD found in all excretions and secretions including expired air - Inhalation of aerosols - Direct contact - Ingestion, meat products (except deboned, aged (pH <5.7) - Fomites - Carrier state

Answer 14

Incubation: 2-14 days (14 days by OIE terrestrial animal health code) Duration: 1-3 weeks ``` Morbidity: Extremely high (approx 100%) Adult CFR: 1-5% Young CFR: 20% or higher *necrotizing myocarditis Carriers: Yes, in ruminants Cattle - not shedders African buffalo - shedders ```

Answer 15

-very rarely develop mild clinical signs -may carry in nasal passages ~some discrepancy in reports and recommendations based on risk of transmission ~48 hr avoidance of susceptible animals ~Extended avoidance not needed if good biosecurity and hygiene are followed

Answer 16

Maintenance hosts Carriers: pharyngeal tissue 4 - 6 months

Answer 17

Amplifier host No carriers

Answer 18

Indicator/Sentinel Hosts Carrier: pharyneal tissue 4 - 6 months

Answer 19

-Fever and vesicles (feet, mouth, nares, muzzle, teats) ~progress to erosions - Abortion - Death in young animals - Recover in 2 weeks unless secondary infections arise

Answer 20

Oral Lesions (+ drooling) Teat lesions Hoof lesions (interdigital space, coronary band, lameness)

Answer 21

Hoof lesions (more severe than cattle) Snout vesicles Oral vesicles less common (drooling is rare)

Answer 22

- mild, if any, signs (fever, oral lesions, lameness) | - makes diagnosis and prevention of spread difficult

Answer 23

-Clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, especially swine -single or multiple vesicles -various stages of development ~white area, 2mm-10cm ~Fluid filled blisters ~red erosion, fibrin coating -dry lesions -tiger heart - myocardial necrosis *Only FMD causes lesions of the rumen pillars

Answer 24

-Notify authorities and wait for instructions before collecting samples -Vesicular fluid & vesicular epithelium ~Virus isolation; ELISA for antigen, CF for antigen, rRT-PCR tests -Nasal swabs (rRT-PCR test) -Serum (acute & convalescent) ~ ab titers

Answer 25

-**USDA-APHIS: STRICT IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ~prohibit live ruminants, swine, and their products from FMD-affected countries ~Monitor travelers and belongings at ports of entry - State planning/training exercises - Biosecurity protocols for livestock facilities - Decontamination and disposal of foreign garbage - Strong animal health infrastructure - Reportable disease - prompt diagnosis

Answer 26

- Quarantine - Stop movement of animals and products - Rodent Control - Cleaning and Disinfection - Disinfection of vehicles and personnel - Slaughter of infected and contact animals - Destruction of infection carcasses (incineration, rendering, burial) - Strategic vaccination *areas must be free of organic matter

Answer 27

``` Effective solutions include: 2% sodium hydroxide (lye) 4% sodium carbonate (soda ash) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) 0.2% citric acid Virkon-S ```

Answer 28

- killed vaccine, **serotype and strain specific** - North American Foot-and-Mouth Vaccine Bank (Plum Island, NY) - Monitor disease outbreaks worldwide and stock active serotypes and strains - It is essential to isolate virus and identify the serotype to select the correct vaccine

Answer 29

-**US has no need to vaccinate (have not had animals affected since 1929)** -May be used to control an outbreak -**Huge implications if we do vaccinate** ~Annual re-vaccination required ~Costly, time consuming ~Does not protect against infection, just clinical signs ~Spread infection to other animals ~International trade status harmed

Answer 30

- Viral Disease of *horses*, cattle, and swine - Outbreaks are more common near Equator - OIE reportable disease (trade barrier) - Unlike FMD, **VS occurs sporadically in the US** - costly, >14M in 1995 - little known abbout epidemiology and natural cycle - mechanisms of disease and protection against disease remain unclear

Answer 31

RNA visculovirus Family: Rhabdoviridae 2 major serotypes: Indiana & New Jersey 4 viruses cause VS ~VSV-IN; VSV-NJ; Cocal; VSV-AV

Answer 32

- Affects horses, cattle, swine, camelids, and *humans* - Sheep and goats *occasionally* - **Note: llamas get VS, not FMD**

Answer 33

``` -Vectors ~**Sandflies** ~**Blackflies** ~**mosquitoes** ~Seasonal outbreaks - starts in warm area & moves to cooler area via vectors ``` -Direct Contact ~Infected animals ~Contaminated objects

Answer 34

``` -Vectors ~Sandflies ~Blackflies ~Seasonal outbreaks -Direct Contact ~Infected animals ~Contaminated objects -Contact with infected tissues, vesicular fluid, saliva -Vector injection ~Blackfly, sandfly -Aerosol transmission in a laboratory setting ```

Answer 35

``` Incubation period: 2 - 8 days Excessive salivation Fever and vesicles that resemble FMD -Horses severely affected ~oral lesions (drooling, chomping, mouth rubbing) ~coronary band lesions ~morbidity: 90% but variable ~mortality: low (death of young not as common as FMD) ```

Answer 36

``` Incubation period: 1- 6 days Influenza-like symptoms: ~headache, fever, retrobulbar pain, malaise, nausea, limb and back pain, oral vesicles (rare), photophobia -Self-limiting disease, supportive care -Recovery can be prolonged -Death is rare ```

Answer 37

``` -Erosive, ulcerative lesions ~Oral cavity, teats, coronary bands ~***No lesions in rumen or heart*** -Histology ~Degeneration of epithelial cells -Electronmicroscopy ~Virus in fresh lesions, vesicular fluid ```

Answer 38

-Viral Antigen ~From vesicular fluid or epithelium ~ELISA, complement fixation, virus neutralization -Antibody tests ~Paired serum samples ~ELISA, complement fixation, virus neutralization

Answer 39

- Do not buy from positive herds for 3 months post-infection - Avoid grazing at peak insect feeding hours - Segregation and isolation necessary for controlling spread - Move into stables - Sanitation - Insect control programs

Answer 40

Vaccines Understanding life cycle (vector control - limit exposure) Quarantine issues

Answer 41

- none commercially available in the US - inactivated bivalent tested oil adjuvant: effective - Under development: live attenuated with marker - mechanism of protection poorly understood

Answer 42

- Requires understanding epidemiology - Quarantine infected facilities/animals - No movement of animals for at least 21 days after all lesions have healed

Answer 43

- Area must be free of organic matter - Inactivated by sunlight - Active 3 - 4 d on fomites - contact time of at least 10 minutes - soda ash - 2% iodophore - chlorine dioxide - 1% chlorine bleach - 1% cresylic acid - Quaternary ammonium

Answer 44

- Low incidence of human illness - Chance of infection when handling contaminated tissues (Biosafety level 3 / PPE) - Rarely causes vesicle formation - Recover in 4 - 7 days

Answer 45

A contagious, viral vesicular disease of swine, characterized by fever, vesicular lesions and, subsequent erosions of the epithelium of the mouth, nares, snouth, feet and teats

Answer 46

``` Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Enterovirus -Related to human enterovirus -Unrelated to other porcine enteroviruses -Survives for long periods in environment and in meat products -resistant to: ~desiccation and freezing ~Temperatures up to 157F ~pH ranging from 2.5-12 ```

Answer 47

-pH stability: <2.5 or >11 -Acid stable = enterovirus -Not inactivated by post rigor-mortis drop in muscle pH -UV sensitive: somewhat sensitive to sunlight -survives in moist, organic-rich materials -remains in many meat products -180 days to > 1 year in hams >1 year in dry cured sausages** >2 years in processed intestinal casings

Answer 48

-Inhalation -Contact ~Infected animals, feces (fecal-oral), fomites (broken skin, MM) -Ingestion ~Contaminated meat scraps -Excretion of Virus ~Nose, mouth, feces ~Up to 48 hours before clinical signs seen ~Shed in feces for >3 months after infection

Answer 49

- seroconversion reported in lab workers but not vets or farmers - symptomatic cases have been mild with flu-like symptoms (weakness, abdominal pain, myalgia) - one case of meningitis

Answer 50

-Incubation Period: 2-7 days -Very similar to foot-and-mouth disease -Vesicles and erosions ~snouth, mammary glands, coronary band, interdigital areas -Neurological signs rare -Abortion not typically seen -Recovery within 2 - 3 weeks (little permanent damage)

Answer 51

Vesicles are the only PM lesions

Answer 52

-Quarantine infected facilities/animals -Slaughter ~infected pigs ~Pigs in contact with SVD ~Disposal -Disinfection ~1% sodium hydroxide + detergent ~oxidizing agents ~iodophor + detergents -Vaccination ~Never been done ~Inactivated vaccines (not commercially available)

Answer 53

- VES is a contagious viral vesicular disease of swine, characterized by fever, vesicular lesions and, subsequent erosions of the epithelium of the mouth, nares, snout and feet - An indistinguishable disease of swine can be produced by infection with one of several caliciviruses isolated from seals, sea lions, and marine fish (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus) **US declared free of VES/ VES = FAD in 1959

Answer 54

FMD: F: Picornaviridae; G: Aphtovirus VS: F: Rhabdoviridae; G: Vesiculovirus SVD: F: Picornaviridae; G: Enterovirus VES: F: Caliciviridae; G: Vesivirus

Answer 55

Family: Caliciviridae Genus: Vesiviridae Serotypes: 13 types of VES virus; 12 types of San Miguel Sea Lion Virus

Answer 56

- Swine | - Humans are NOT susceptible

Answer 57

- Feces (fecal-oral) - Direct contact - Blood (ingestion) - Meat products (ingestion)

Answer 58

Incubation: 1 - 5 days Duration: 1 - 3 weeks

Answer 59

Morbidity: low to moderate Case fatality rate: very low Carriers: not known Maintained as subclinical infections

Answer 60

- Fever, lameness, blanching of coronary bands, vesicles and erosions - Clinical signs are very similar to those of foot-and-mouth disease and other vesicular diseases. There is a fever; vesicles in the mouth, on the snouth, and on the feet and lameness. - These signs are all grossly indistinguishable from FMD. Lesions in VES seem to be deeper, and granulation tissue commonly forms especially on the feet

Answer 61

- Epithelial lesions are identical to the other vesicular diseases - NO SYSTEMIC LESIONS

Answer 62

Slaughter and disposal of infected and contact animals | Disinfection of the premises

Answer 63

PEDV new disease to the US that was confirmed on May 16, 2013 by USDA NVSL - Found in multiple farms simultaneously and additional farms diagnosed positive - Retrospective diagnosis as early as April 2013

Answer 64

Baby piglets - dead in 5 days growers - explosive diarrhea sows - febrile, lethargic and scouring during late gestation or 2-3 days before farrowing

Answer 65

PEDV is a positive-sense, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus -Different strains of PEDV exist with virulence dependent upon the spike (S) gene sequence

Answer 66

- in 2013, PEDV declared a "transboundary disease" by USDA and considered non-regulatory at that time but later became regulated after June 2014 - The virus had not previously been identified in teh US - Genomic evaluation determined that the US PEDV strain was 99.4% similar to a Chines isolate from 2012** (strain info from Genbank)

Answer 67

- PEDV = fecal/oral method of infection and transmission - Transmits through contaminated manure; anything in contact with manure can be a potential source of infection - PEDV does NOT affect pork and cannot infect humans - **PEDV is not a public health or food safety issue**

Answer 68

PEDV can survive in many different conditions: - survival in pits as low 6 months after infection - virus can be found at 4 months postinfection - survive in cold conditions - can survive in dry and slurried feed, and in various feed ingredients - can survive in manure slurry, feces, water (fresh and recycled) - PEDV survivability can be time dependent (pit manure)

Answer 69

- For pit/manure management, start with farms that have most time since initial infection and work to most recently infected - Clean and disinfect between sites (remove organic materials)

Answer 70

Certain procedures for trucks can kill the virus: -160F for 10 minutes kills PEDV -68F for 7 days kills PEDV -Clean, disinfect and heat (see above) can kill PEDV and other pathogens! ~Quaternary ammonium/gluteraldehyde ~Accel - hydrogen peroxide mix ~Others...(bleach; phenolics etc)

Answer 71

Prevent contamination as much as possible - Create a "line of separation" - keep clean and dirty equipment separate - avoid contamination of high risk areas Focus on removal of organic material for effective cleaning and disinfection Recently infected farms = higher risk than farms with longer time after initial infection ~HIGH virus load in environment around the farm ~Biosecurity and sanitation of equipment is critical

Answer 72

Family: Orthomyxoviridae Genera: A, B, C viruses; Thogotovirus; isavirus -negative sense RNA virus -segmented genome replicate in nucleus

Answer 73

- 16 hemagglutinin subtypes - 9 neuraminidase subtypes - 2 nonstructural subtypes

Answer 74

``` A = antigenic type Chicken = isolate host of origin Pennsylvania = Geographic location 1370 = isolate reference 83 = year of isolation H5 = Hemagglutinin subtype N2 = Neuraminidase subtype ```

Answer 75

- Avian influenza is naturally found in wild birds and not normally found in domestic ducks, chickens and turkeys - Virus infection is not normally thought to cause disease in its natural host (viruses are low pathogenic) - Wild bird surveys have shown certain duck, gull and shorebirds species are commonly infected at different times of the year * *All type A influenza viruses are thought to originate from wild birds

Answer 76

- Systemic, rapidly fatal disease of poultry - Only H5 & H7 subtypes are recognized to cause HPAI - OIE List A Disease - outbreaks are reportable - HA cleavage site critical virulence factor * *Low pathogenic H5 and H7 AI viruses can mutate into the highly pathogenic form of the virus

Answer 77

Small changes (mutations) in genes that happen continually. Usually share antigenic properties but fi not, body immune system or vaccine may not recognize it. Vaccine cross protection becomes an issues

Answer 78

Re-assortment occurs and an abrupt, major change in influenza virus occurs, resulting new hemagglutinin and/or hemagglutinin and neuaraminidase proteins - novel, pathogenic and virulent in ppl, spread quickly (pandemic)

Answer 79

-Infection may cause a wide range of clinical signs from no disease (asymptomatic), respiratory disease, to severe disease with high mortality -localized infection - mild to moderate disease ~intestinal-wild ducks and shorebirds, poultry ~Respiratory- humans, swine, horses, poultry, domestic ducks, seal, mink -Systemic infection-high mortality ~chickens, turkeys, other gallinaceous birds

Answer 80

**Sudden death** with no clinical signs, lack of energy and appetite, decreased egg production, **swelling of head, eyelids, combs, wattles, hocks; purple discoloration of wattles, combs, legs**; stumbling or falling down; diarrhea

Answer 81

1) Keep your distance ~restrict access to your property and your birds 2) Keep it clean ~wash hands, clothes, equipment before and after 3) Don't haul disease home ~new birds and birds that have traveled to shows be quarantined prior to reintegration; buy from reputable sources

Answer 82

4. Don't borrow disease from your neighbors ~do not borrow equipment/bird supply from other bird owners; if you do, disinfect before arriving at your property 5. Know the warning signs ~check frequently; know if something is wrong early 6. Report sick birds ~if your birds are sick or dying, calling state vet, USDA, etc.

Answer 83

1) Increased surveillance 2) Stamping Out (Disinfection and movement control) 3) Vaccination 4) Restructuring (compartmentalization)

Answer 84

- Anticipate outbreaks on the local level - collect and label samples - know the agents - know the typical signs of diseases (animals and humans) - know how to report suspected cases - disseminate knowledge

Answer 85

- Improve ability of the US to prevent, prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies - $4.3 billion to various federal, state and local agencies - Five titles

Answer 86

1) National preparedness for bioterrorism and other public health emergencies 2) enhancing controls on dangerous biological agents and toxins 3) protecting safety and security of food and drug supply 4) drinking water security and safety 5) Additional provisions

Answer 87

- established January 2003 - Mission: Prevent, protect, and respond to acts of terrorism on US soil - 4 policy directorates

Answer 88

1) Guard borders and airports 2) coordinate the response for future emergencies 3) analyze threats and intelligence 4) protect our critical infrastructure *Responsibilities for coordinating HHS and USDA

Answer 89

Mission: Promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability - preparing for bioterrorism since 1998 - one of the first agencies to respond to anthrax incidents of 2001

Answer 90

-12 hour push package ~complete package of medical materials -vendor managed inventory ~tailored to suspected agents

Answer 91

1) The public health impact based on illness and death 2) the delivery potential to large populations based on stability and ability to mass produce and distribute a virulent agent 3) potential for person to person transmission 4) the public perception as related to public fear and potential civil disruption 5) special public health preparedness needs, stockpiled required, surveillance and diagnostic needs

Answer 92

Special attention was given to those agents that had previously been used or researched as a bioweapon. Based on these criteria, agents were scored and divided into A, B, and C Categories. This is not a federally legislated list and is subject to change based on review of agents. Using this standardized system allows the CDC to add or remove agents

Answer 93

* *Alter characteristics of a pathogen to make it a more effective weapon: 1) enhance transmission 2) Increase virulence 3) Resistant to antibiotics 4) Evade vaccine protection 5) Alter clinical signs

Answer 94

High-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because they: 1) can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person 2) result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact 3) might cause public panic and social disruption 4) require special action for public health preparedness

Answer 95

1) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) 2) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) 3) Plague (Yersinia Pestis) 4) Smallpox (variola major) 5) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 6) Viral hemorrhagic fevers (filoviruses [e.g. Ebola, Marburg] and arenaviruses [e.g. Lassa, Machupo])

Answer 96

Second highest priority agents include those that: 1) are moderately easy to disseminate 2) result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; 3) require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance

Answer 97

1) Brucellosis (Brucella species) 2) Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens 3) Food safety threats (e.g. Salmonella species, Escherichia coli 0157:H7; Shigella) 4) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) 5) Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) 6) Psittacosis (Chlamydia pisttaci 7) Q Fever (coxiella burnetii) 8) Ricin toxin from Ricinus communis (castor beans) 9) Staphylococcal enterotoxin B 10) Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii) 11) Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses [e.g. Venezuelan equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis]) 12) Water safety threats (e.g. vibrio cholerae, cryptosporidium parvum)

Answer 98

Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of: 1) availability 2) ease of production and dissemination 3) potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impacts

Answer 99

Emerging infectious diseases such as Nipah virus and Hantavirus

Answer 100

``` Jointly comprised of: CDC Division of select agents and toxins Animal and Plant Health Inspection services Agriculture Select Agent services ```

Answer 101

oversees the possession, use and transfer of biological select agents and toxins, which have the potential to pose a severe threat to public, animal or plant health or to animal or plant products

Foreign Animal Diseases Flashcards

(125 cards)