Foreign policy 1.5 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Course of the Great Patriotic war - June 1941 to Summer 1942
– KEY EVENTS –
- June 1941 = operation Barbarossa
- Sept 1941 = Siege of Leningrad begins
- Dec 1941 = Battle of Moscow
- 24th June 1942 = Factories vulnerable to German attack moved behind the Ural mountains
– DETAILS –
- Hitler wanted to get rid of communism
- Stalin allies with Churchill
– SIGNIFICANCE –
- Between June and Dec the red army lost 2.6 million soldiers
- Areas lost contained 2/5 of the Soviet pop
Course of the Great Patriotic war - Summer 1942 to summer 1943
– KEY EVENTS –
- Nov 1942 = German army surrounded at Stalingrad
- Feb 1943 = Surrender of German army at Stalingrad
- July 1943 = Battle of Kursk
– DETAILS –
- Stalin issued order 227 = ‘Not a step back’
- By end of 1942 the 3rd genertion of the red army was emerging
- Lend lease programme by the Americans increased the supply of raw materials
– SIGNIFICANCE –
- USSR out produced Germany n industrial output
- USA gave USSR 500,000 vehicles under the lend lease programme
Course of the Great Patriotic war - Summer 1943 to Summer 1945
– KEY EVENTS –
- Jan 1944 = End of siege of Leningrad
- 2nd May 1945 = Soviet victory in the battle of Berlin
- 22nd June 1945 = Operation Bagration
– SIGNIFICANCE –
- At operation Bagration, the 1.2 million strong German army was destroyed in just 68 days
- 2nd May 1945 = Berlin surrendered
Siege of Stalingrad
- Oil in the south was keeping the Soviets alive - Hitler sent 2mllion to attack them
- Stalin happy to sacrifice soldiers
- Civilians helped to protect Stalingrad - they were not allowed to leave the city
- 80% Of Soviet reinforcements killed within a week as many sent into battle with no weapons
- Hitler attempted to airlift supplies into the city after the Germans were trapped in the 24th November - this was ineffective
Facts from stage 1 of the Great Patriotic war
- Stavka made responsible for all land, sea and air operations - set up on the 2rd June
- 26th June Stalin ordered Beria to contact Berlin about ending the war - was willing to hand over Baltic states, Ukraine and Finnish Territory - the plea never reached Berlin
- 3rd July Stalin addressed the nation via radio and millions were willing to fight
- Soviets lost Crimea and 175,000 men on the 19th May
Facts from stage 2 of the Great patriotic war
- Battle of Kursk = the worlds largest tank battle began in July 1943 - Zhukov had planned for the battle well which made the Germans confused
- Kharkiv was liberated on the 22nd August 1943
Facts from stage 3 of the Great patriotic war
- Kyiv was taken back by the Russians in Oct 1943
- Red army outnumbered German aircraft 4:1
Experiences with total war in Russia - Stalin’s personal role in the war
- 80 warnings of a Nazi invasion were ignored
- Believed Germany would not attack USSR until they had defeated Britain
Experiences with total war in Russia - The Generals
- Stalin often made decisions against good military advice
- Stalin relied on Vasilevsky, Antonov and Zhukov
Experiences with total war in Russia - Industry
- 1942-43 the USSR were outproducing Germany in aircraft, tanks, guns and shells
- Evacuation committee set up after German invasion - managed to move 1523 factories
Experiences with total war in Russia - Lend lease
- Made up 5% of Soviets military resources by 1942
- 1/3 of Soviet vehicles came from abroad - generally better quality
Experiences with total war in Russia - Agriculture
- 4/5 of collective farmers were women by the end of the war - in 1943 output was only 38% of 1940 levels
- Private trade revived for 1st time since the NEP
Experiences with total war in Russia - Women
- 500,000 served in the army but weren’t allowed to take part in the Moscow victory parade
- mad up 75% of the pop of Leningrad
- 90% of the workforce in light industry were women
Experiences with total war in Russia - Partisans
- Used guerrilla warfare
- Responsible for the largest and most successful guerrilla campaign in the second world war
Experiences with total war in Russia - Soviet soldiers
- Threats of disciplinary measures and intimidation motivated the red army
- Only 3% of soldier’s born in 1923 would survive until 1945
Experiences with total war in Russia - Propaganda
- Over 1000 writers and artists joined the campaign to report on the front - work was controlled by the Sovinformburo
- Konstain’s work contributed to the Summer of hate in 1942
- Kukryniksy = collective name for 3 graphic artists who had worked together since the early 1920s
Experiences with total war in Russia - Orthodox church
- Despite efforts by the communists, 55% of the population were religious
- Stalin abolished the league of godliness in Sept 1943 allowing for the publication of church literature etc
- 15,000 orthodox churches reopened
Life after the great patriotic war notes
- ‘Glory to Stalin’ as he is celebrated
- Stalin declares war with Japan after Nagasaki
- 25million without homes - agriculture reverts back to human labour
- Ukrainian women who had been held in Germany were sent tot the mines as punishment
- 1946 - drought and crop failure leads to a famine
What price did the USSR pay for victory
- 25 million killed and 25 million homeless
- Nationalist groups in Ukraine and Poland didn’t want to be part of the USSR any longer
- Peasant’s didn’t want to go back to the collective farms
What did Stalin announce in 1946 and why
Victory had demonstrated the vitality of the Soviet socialist system - 1930s model of soviet society was reimposed
What did Stalin do to the army after the Great Patriotic war
- Army was a potential threat to him
- Stalin removed generals who might turn on him e.g. Zhukov
- Order 270. declared red army prisoners of war as traitors and sent them to the gulag’s - gulag pop’s rose to 2.5 million
What were Stalin’s attitudes to the Jews after the Great Patriotic war
- 1948 the Jewish anti-fascist committee which had helped send thousands of Russian Jews to fight the Nazis, was shut down
- Jewish writers arrested and synagogues were shut down
- all due to Jews having connections with the West
Stalin’s policy of anti westernisation after the great patriotic war
- Few foreigners were allowed in
- Internal censorship was more vigorously applied
Who was Zhdanov and what was zhdanovschina
- Given the Job of bringing the Russian intelligentsia into line - Hundreds of writers were condemned for ‘kow-towing’ to the west
- Theatres were attacked because their work supposedly corrupted by bourgeoise values and did not reflect Soviet values
