Forense examen final

Question 1

Task of identification falls upon

Answer 1

Forensic scientists, forensic anthropologists, forensic odontologists and fingerprint examiner

Question 2

2 facts valid methods of identificaction rest on

Answer 2

the identity of the indivudual
particular uniqueness

Question 3

Identification

Answer 3

process of verifying that the individual concerned is the same as the one known

Question 4

Identifaction methods require

Answer 4

antemortem and postmortem data

Question 5

Personal identification categories

Answer 5

tentative
circumstancial
positive

Question 6

Uncorrelated pieces of evidence

Answer 6

body location
biological profile
tattoos
scars
personal effects
skeletal anomalies
mitochondrial dna

Question 7

Technique Most frequently used of personal identificaction

Answer 7

Visual examination of soft tissue

Question 8

Challenges in identification

Answer 8

skeletal bodies
decomposed
dismembered
badly burned

Question 9

Evidence on highly probable identificaction

Answer 9

prosthetics or evidence of previous
medical care, fractures, congenital or traumatic deformities, unusual allometric relations,
epigenetic traits, morphological peculiarities, and abnormalities

Question 10

Explainable diferences

Answer 10

trauma
surgical interventions
growth
degenerative changes

Question 11

Comperative radiology

Answer 11

involves the direct visual comparison of antemortem and postmortem radiographs and matchimg specific visual findings

Question 12

Radiographic identification is used when

Answer 12

burned, mutilated, decomposed, fragmented, skeletonized, and otherwise
unrecognizable human remains.

Question 13

Typical steps of comparison in radiology

Answer 13

1. Get a medical or dental X-ray taken before the person died.
2. 2. Take a new X-ray of the unidentified remains, using the same angle and size as the first one.
3. 3. Compare the two X-rays by looking at them side by side or by placing one over the other to see if they match.

Question 14

Important features we look for in radiographs

Answer 14

unusual bone growth, healed fractures, defor-
mities, degenerations, pathologies, abnormal calcifications, tumors, trauma, and prosthetic
devices

Question 15

Nonimaged records

Answer 15

The comparison of antemortem records, such as notes, charts, or other recorded information, to features or characteristics of skeletal remains

Question 16

Steps Identification by written records include

Answer 16

(1)identification of the pattern, injury, pathology, or anomaly

(2) obtaining antemortem medical or dental charts and/or notes on the suspected deceased

4) 3) comparing the record to features of the skeletal remains, looking for consistencies and inconsistencies.

Question 17

Anomalies examples

Answer 17

accesory bones, bipartle bones, sternal, septal, and other apertures, bifid or supernumerary ribs, vertebral shifts, axial anomalies, autoinmune diseases

Question 18

craniofacial superimposition

Answer 18

identification method applied when an investigation has suggested that a set of remains relates to a particular missing person for whom photographs, videos or other images are available

Question 19

Dna and forensic anthropology

Answer 19

encodes inoformation about the individuals inherited characteristics and the nuclear code is unique to each individual.

Question 20

Nuclear DNA

Answer 20

allows identification by reference to the alleles and nucleotide sequences of heritable traits and markers contained in any human nucleated cell

Question 21

admisibility of evidence

Answer 21

Forensic anthropologist are expected to meet structured standards regarding the validity, reliability, and application of their methods

Question 22

Daubert criteria mention

Answer 22

1. Has the theory or technique been tested
2. What is the known or potential rate of error
3. do standards exist for the control of the techniques’ operation
4. Has the theory or technique been subjected to peer review and publication
5. has the theory or technique been generally accepted within the relevant scientific community

Question 23

Triology of Supreme Court decisions

Answer 23

1. The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data
2. The test is the product of reliable principles and methods
3. The witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case

Question 24

Facial aproximation

Answer 24

An artistic reproduction of the soft tissue features of an individual involves the estimation or artistic reproduction of possible facial features based on the underlying skeletal structures

Question 25

Types of facial aproximations

Answer 25

two dimensional and three dimensional

Question 26

ICC

Answer 26

war crimes, genocide, and crimes againts humanity

Question 27

ICTY

Answer 27

grave breaches 1949 Geneva convections, violations of the laws or costums of war, genocide and crimes againts humanity

Question 28

ICTR

Answer 28

genocide, crime against humanity, and violation of article 3 common to the Geneva convections and additional protocol

Question 29

Morphology of skeletal trauma

Answer 29

Internal factors extrinsic factors contextual factors

Question 30

Trauma analysis

Answer 30

demography context fatal environment intent scientific protocols methods of differential diagnosis weaponry estimation of cause of death manner of death intrisic factors extrisic factors

Question 31

Methods for sex estimation

Answer 31

pelvic morphology pelvic metric analysis creanial morpholology long bone metric analysis

Question 32

Age estimation methods

Answer 32

Pubic symphysis morphology auricular surface morphology sternal rib morphology dental metrics osteoarthritis and degenerative joint changes dental wear craneal sutures

Question 33

suture estimation

Answer 33

long bone metric analysis

Question 34

ancestry or ethnicity estimation

Answer 34

cranial metric analysis cranial morphology postcranial metric analysis postcranial morphology

Question 35

Pathology markers

Answer 35

documented prior skeletal disease, trauma, or medical intervention congenital abnormalities

Question 36

Human identification

Answer 36

facial approximations DNA Fingerprints clothing identification artifact circumstantial evidence dental records Radiographic imaging

Question 37

Four identification categories

Answer 37

Presumtive positive collective contextual

Question 38

remains with potential for identification

Answer 38

dental remains, implants, fingers, unique biological features, and remains with potential for DNA results.

Question 39

2 types of Initial remains documentation

Answer 39

Photograph radiograph

Question 40

Postmortem examinations

Answer 40

Pathology anthropology odontology finger print DNA specimen collection

Question 41

Quiality assurance

Answer 41

Records check remarks verification identification

Question 42

Principios éticos de la Red Iberoamericana

Answer 42

Respeto u promocion de los derechos humanos Formación en Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses Independencia técnica Conflictos Deontológicos actuando bajo dependencia Trabajo de calidad Trabajo en equipo Conflictos de interés

Question 43

Experimentos

Answer 43

Segunda Guerra Mundial (1940-1945) Caso Willowbrook, NY (1950-1970): experimento con niños-retraso mental, se les infectó con hepatitis. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (1963): ancianos con demencia infectados con células cancerígenas Tuskegee (1932-1972): población hombre negra infectadas con sífilis

Question 44

Código de Núremberg (1947):

Answer 44

El consentimiento del participante debe ser totalmente voluntario. El experimento debe beneficiar a la sociedad. Debe basarse en pruebas previas con animales y en conocimientos médicos. Se deben evitar sufrimientos y daños innecesarios. No debe realizarse si hay riesgos evidentes de muerte o daño grave. El riesgo debe estar justificado por la importancia del problema. Se deben tomar medidas para proteger al participante. Solo personal capacitado debe realizar el experimento. El participante puede abandonar el experimento cuando quiera. El científico debe detener el experimento si hay peligro para el participante

Question 45

Informe de Belmont (1974):

Answer 45

En 1974 se creó una comisión en EE. UU. para proteger a las personas que participan en investigaciones médicas y psicológicas. Su tarea fue definir principios éticos y crear reglas para asegurar que las investigaciones con seres humanos se hagan de forma correcta.

Question 46

Etica

Answer 46

Concepto genérico que toma en consideración distintas formas de examinar y entender la vida moral.

Question 47

Etica Normativa

Answer 47

Son las que generan preguntas vinculadas a cuales normas conducen o evaluan la conducta, cuales deben ser aceptadas y porque

Question 48

Teorias que analizan la etica normativa

Answer 48

Utilitarismo y consecuencialismo: Teoría kantiana teoría de los derechos teoría de la virtud

Question 49

etica no normativa

Answer 49

Descriptiva: Estudia cómo las personas piensan y actúan moralmente, usando métodos científicos. Analiza decisiones, tratamientos y consentimiento informado. Metaética: Examina el lenguaje y los conceptos morales, como derechos, deberes, virtudes y responsabilidad.

Question 50

Principios morales (Beauchamp y Childress, 2013)

Answer 50

1. Autonomía: Respetar las decisiones libres e informadas de cada persona. 2. No maleficencia: No causar daño ("primero, no hacer daño"). 3. Beneficencia: Hacer el bien, ayudar y proteger a los demás. Incluye prevenir daños, defender derechos y ayudar a quienes lo necesitan. 4. Justicia: Buscar una distribución justa e igualitaria de beneficios y responsabilidades en la sociedad.

Question 51

Obligaciones prima facie:

Answer 51

* a. Proteger y defender los derechos de los otros. * b. Prevenir el daño hacia otros. * c. Eliminar condiciones que generen daño a los otros. * d. Ayudar a las personas con discapacidad. * e. Rescatar a las personas en peligro.

Question 52

Integridad científica (Macrina, 2004)

Answer 52

La mala conducta en la investigación Fabricación: Inventar datos o resultados y presentarlos como reales. Falsificación: Manipular materiales, procesos o datos para alterar los resultados. Plagio: Usar ideas, palabras o resultados de otra persona sin dar crédito.

Question 53

Imperativo de Jonas:

Answer 53

Positivo: “Actúa de tal modo que los efectos de tu acción sean compatibles con la permanencia de una vida humana auténtica”. Negativo: “No pongas en peligro la continuidad indefinida de la humanidad en la Tierra.