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Year 4 - Toxicology > Forensic 1 > Flashcards

Forensic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cocaine is a CNS ____

A

stimulant

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2
Q

Where does cocaine come from?

A
  • natural alkaloid from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca
  • leaves are dried and converted to coca paste and used to produce cocaine HCl
  • used by the Incas in religious ceremonies
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3
Q

What was cocaine initially marketed as?

A
  • marketed as a tonic and headache remedy in 1885 (coca cola)
  • there was 0.25mg/mL cocaine in coca cola
  • removed this in 1993
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4
Q

What did Freud promote cocaine for the treatment of?

A

-asthma, wasting diseases, and syphilis

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5
Q

What are some forms of cocaine?

A
  • HCl salt
  • crack (free base form) - gets it’s name from the sound made when it is smoked
  • crack is only smoked (not snorted or injected)
  • crack has a lower melting point than cocaine
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6
Q

What are some street names for cocaine?

A

-coke
-crack
-blow
-flake
-dust
-snow
etc.

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7
Q

What are methods of ingestion for cocaine?

A
  • IV
  • smoking
  • snorting
  • oral (rare due to 1st pass effect)
  • topically
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8
Q

Who is at the bottle of drug-user hierarchy?

A

needle users are at the bottom

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9
Q

What is free-basing of cocaine?

A
  • when you take cocaine Hal and add water and a base
  • involves an extraction
  • add ether
  • shake it and mix in separators funnel
  • cocaine goes into ether layer, pull that off and evaporate it
  • then you have free cocaine base which you can smoke
  • ether is flammable tho so there was lots of explosions, fires, and deaths from this
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10
Q

What are the desired effects of cocaine?

A
  • intense euphoria
  • decreased anxiety
  • decreased social inhibitions
  • increased alertness and mental clarity
  • increased performance in simple tasks
  • increased self-confidence
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11
Q

onset, peak and duration for cocaine that is smoked

A

onset: 7 seconds
peak: 1-5 min
duration: 20 min

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12
Q

onset, peak and duration for cocaine that is oral

A

onset: 10 min
peak: 60 min
duration: 60 min

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13
Q

duration of cocaine that is snorted

A

up to 90 min

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14
Q

what are other side effects of cocaine

A
  • increase BP and temperature
  • dilated pupils (mydriasis) - “bunny eyes”
  • sensitivity to light
  • rapid speech
  • nausea/vomiting
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15
Q

What can happen with higher doses and chronic use of cocaine?

A
  • dysphoria
  • fatigue
  • confusion
  • disoriented behaviour
  • delusions
  • paranoia
  • antisocial
  • aggresive
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16
Q

List the 3 phases of cocaine withdrawal

A

1) The Crash Phase
2) The Withdrawal phase
3) Extinction Phase

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17
Q

Describe 1) The crash phase

A
  • lasts up to 4 days
  • agitation, depression, irritability
  • intense cravings for cocaine!
  • fatigue
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18
Q

Describe 2) The withdrawal phase

A
  • lasts up to 10 weeks
  • increased anxiety
  • lack of energy
  • variable cravings
  • angry outbursts
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19
Q

Describe 3) The extinction phase

A
  • can last for an indeterminable amount of time

- episodic cravings for the drug

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20
Q

What is cocaine-induced excited delirium?

A
  • associated with chronic high-dose use of cocaine
  • dissociative state
  • violence
  • exaggerated strength
  • increased body temp
  • cardio-respiratory arrest
  • rhabdomyolysis
  • sudden death
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21
Q

Cocaine:

does tolerance develop?

A

yes - you need more of the drug to get the same effect

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22
Q

Cocaine:

what types of dependence develops?

A
  • psychological dependence develops

- physiological (although not all agree)

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23
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

you have cravings

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24
Q

What is physiological dependence?

A

can’t function without (i.e. withdrawal)

25
Q

What are some interpretation challenges in analysis of cocaine?

A
  • enzymes in blood breakdown cocaine

- some people use cocaine + ethanol (stimulant + depressant) which makes cocaethylene

26
Q

Why use a stimulant and a depressant together?

A
  • get a better high
  • depends on when they take it
  • the depressant makes the crash not as severe
27
Q

What is methamphetamine?

A
  • a powerful and highly addictive CNS stimulant

- amphetamine derivative

28
Q

What has meth been used for in the past?

A
  • tx of narcolepsy, depression

- diet pill

29
Q

What is a key precursor for meth?

A

-pseudoephedrine or ephedrine (OTC decongestant man)

30
Q

How much pseudoephedrine to make 1 oz of meth?

A

30 grams

31
Q

What are some other ingredients in meth production?

A
  • starter fluid
  • acetone
  • drain cleaner
  • lithium batteries
  • paint thinner
32
Q

For every 1 gram of meth produced, ____ waste is produced

A

5-6 grams

33
Q

How much pseudoephedrine is allowed to be bought at one time?

A

3600mg (60 x 60mg tabs)

*effective Jan 2006

34
Q

List and describe the 3 methods of meth production

A

1) P2P method (phenyl-2-propanone)
- takes a long time, not popular

2) Ephedrine or pseudoephedrine reduction
- more popular, easy to produce, gives a better yield
- contains red phosphorus (scrape match striker plates to get red phosphorus)
- need iodine

3) Nazi or Birch method
- lithium batteries, ether, anhydrous ammonia
- good yield, high quality

35
Q

street names for meth?

A
  • speed
  • ice
  • crank
  • crystal
36
Q

methods of ingestion for meth?

A

can be snorted, smoked, injected or swallowed

37
Q

desired effects of meth

A
  • euphoria
  • increased alertness and mental clarity
  • increased sense of well being
  • increased energy and confidence
38
Q

onset and duration of meth??

A

onset: within seconds if smoked or injected
duration: 4-12 hours

39
Q

what are some side effects of meth

A
  • tremors
  • insomnia
  • mental confusion
  • irritable, confused
  • hyperthermia

*picture someone who had lots of caffeine x 100

40
Q

What happens once effects of meth subside?

A

user usually experiences extreme fatigue leading to prolonged and disturbed sleep - which can lead to depression

41
Q

Meth:

Tolerance?

A

yes - develops quickly

42
Q

Meth:

What types of dependence?

A

both psychological and physiological

43
Q

What isomer of meth is more pharmacologically active, more addictive, and more toxic?

A

‘d’ isomer !!!!

D = dextro
L = levo
44
Q

What contains the L form of methamphetamine?

A

Vix inhalers

45
Q

When you identify the presence of meth in the lab, you don’t know if it’s D or L

A

!!!! okay so further testing is needed to determine that

46
Q

What is MDMA also known as?

A

ecstasy

47
Q

Describe what ecstasy or MDMA is

A
  • classified as hallucinogenic amine
  • “designer drug”
  • first synthesized as appetite suppressant, adjunct to psychotherapy
  • mainly used for recreational use now (ex. raves)
48
Q

Street names for MDMA

A
  • ecstasy
  • Adam
  • E
  • love drug
  • hug drug
  • XTC
49
Q

Methods of ingestion for MDMA

A
  • oral - most common (tablets, capsules, mixed with liquid)
  • snorted
  • smoked
  • injected (rare)
50
Q

What is a 253 A charge?

A

impairment (with any level or no alcohol if drugs are involved)

51
Q

What is a 253 B charge?

A

greater than or equal to 80mg% BAC

52
Q

desired effects of MDMA

A
  • euphoria
  • increased sense of well being
  • increased energy and self confidence
  • instensification of feelings
  • overwhelming desire to communicate
  • profound empathy
53
Q

onset and duration of MDMA

A

onset: 30-45 min if swallowed
duration: 4-6 hours

54
Q

other side effects of MDMA

A
  • feelings of panic
  • depression
  • mental confusion
  • anxiety
55
Q

Describe symptoms of toxicity of MDMA

A
  • increased HR
  • sweating
  • muscle tension and cramping
  • dry mouth
  • teeth grinding (brusixm happens with stimulants) - people wear SOOTHERS
  • blurred vision
  • nausea/dizziness
56
Q

symptoms of MDMA overdose

A
  • convulsions
  • hyperthermia
  • behavioural changes
  • rhabdomyolysis
  • intravascular coagulation
  • acute renal failure
57
Q

MDMA:

tolerance?

A

yes

58
Q

MDMA:

what types of dependence?

A

only psychological dependence devlops

Year 4 - Toxicology (24 decks)

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