Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Forensic Psychology > Forensic > Flashcards

Forensic Flashcards

1
Q

What memories are witnesses asked to recall during eyewitness testimony?

A

Episodic memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the innocence project?

A

Organisation dedicated to exonerating wrongful convictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of wrongful convictions?

A

Eyewitness misidentification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three stages of memory processing in relation to forensic psychology

A

Acquisition/Encoding
Storage/Retention
Testimony/Retrieval

Errors can occur at each stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Is DATA-DRIVEN and begins with the image that falls on the retina. build from individual stimulus to unified perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Top-down processing

A

Sensory info is interpreted in light of/influenced by prior knowledge. (contextual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Schemas

A

A mental framework/body of knowledge that helps us make sense of familiar situations.

(guide expectations of people/objects/events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

schema therory

A

We remember itens better if they fit in with our scheme/prev. experience.

can be errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ebbinghaus curve

A

Shows the inverse relationship b/t memory and retention.

memories distorted over time (e.g OJ simpson verdict)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

encoding specificity

A

link b/t encoding and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Goddon and Baddeley

A

Reinstating context of encoding helped memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 Types of retrieval

A

Recall

Recognition (e.g identification parade)

People recognise better than recall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Non optimal interview strategy

A

interrupt, over-talking, suggestive/leading questions.

encourages ineffective retrieval attempts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Confirmatory bias

A

Police may have preconceived beliefs which effects the way they interview

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mental context reinstatement

A

Witness encouraged to recall the context of the event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Mental context reinstatement

Report everything

Reverse order

Change perspectives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fisher and Geiselman

A

The enhanced cognitive interview- encorporate communication and cognitive techniques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who created the 7 deadly sins of memory

A

Schachter (2001)

Transience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Forgetting where you placed your keys is an example of…

A

Absent mindedness.

older adults more absent minded than young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Attention is involved in the ___ stage

A

encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Forgetting a phone number is an example of…

A

Transience.

Phonological loop must be implicated in transience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Unable to recall a word is an example of…

A

Blocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Memories attributed to the wrong source is known as…

A

Misattribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of memories serve us well?

A

Give false memories of neg experience with unhealthy foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Accuracy of open vs closed questions (with children)

A

Open q’s more accurate with children.

Open less effective with pre-schoolers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Free recall (questioning children)

A

Free recall gave no false information.

however info is often limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nonsensical questions

A

When child is asked a closed q, they think they should know the answer and guess.
With open questions, they answer ‘i dont know’

28
Q

Repeated questioning

A

Younger children change response with closed questions

29
Q

Three types of suggestibility

A

1) Interrogative suggestibility (e.g interview bias) (gudjonsson)
2) Misinformation effects
3) Autosuggestion (reading)

30
Q

Vacant slot hypothesis

A

Suggested info inserted in to gap in memory

31
Q

Co-existence hypothesis

A

Both accurate and suggested memory available. But false memory is more recent

32
Q

The demand characteristics/social compliance hypothesis

A

The ‘false’ memory is the ‘required’ one.

Why would an adult lie,

33
Q

The substitution hypothesis

A

Post event info replaces/distorts original memory

34
Q

Response bias

A

Misleading information, so witness chooses wrong response

35
Q

Source monitoring hypothesis

A

Child has difficulty identifying source.

36
Q

Goodman and Ruby

A

7y/o more accurate than 4y/o on all questions EXCEPT misleading ones that implied abuse

37
Q

Henderso, Bruce, Burton

A

CCTV matching to mugshots is not accurate. Unfamiliar faces hard to match (even good quality images)

38
Q

Memory for actions is ___ than of faces

A

Higher/better

39
Q

Confession

A

Formal admission of guilt given freely

40
Q

Innocence project

A

25% Wrongful convictions identified using DNA involved a false confession.

41
Q

PACE act 1984

A

Tape recording of interviews.

Safe guards laid down for interviewing those with mental health issues.

42
Q

The birmingham 6 case

A

6 men falsely accused of bombing pub.

43
Q

royal commission on criminal justice

A

scrutinise the operation of the criminal justice system

44
Q

Gudjonsson

A

Psychological characteristics.

Mental illness/low intellect more likely to give unreliable confessions.

45
Q

Stephenson & Moston

A

Detectives were sure of guilt before interview.

Use of interrogations as evidence/addition evidence.

Confirmation bias.

46
Q

Two sub-types of coerced confession

A

Coerced-compliant false confessions.

Coerced-internalised false confessions.

47
Q

Two types of false confession

A

Voluntary

Coerced

48
Q

Kassin & Kiechal

A

False confessions in laboratory studies

49
Q

Vrig

A

Qualities that make a good liar

50
Q

Detecting deceit

A

Statement Validity Assessment (SVA)

51
Q

3 stages of SVA

A

Interview

CBCA (by forensic psychologist)

Check against validity checklist of standard questions.

52
Q

The jury system

A

12 people

2 hours for unanimous verdict.

2+ hours, 10-2 majority will be accepted

If 10-2 not reached = hung jury

The foreman (spokesman)

53
Q

Juries are used for cases where the accused pleads ___

A

not guitly

54
Q

Witness confidence infers…

A

Accuracy

55
Q

Penrod & Cutler

A

Jurors ‘over believe’ eye witness testimony

56
Q

Dual process theory (Eagly & Chaiken)

A

Systematic processing

Heuristic processing (used when evidence is complex, more persuaded by expert witness)

57
Q

Mazella & Feingold

A

Meta analysis

Defendants dealt more harshly when their crime is stereotypical of their race

58
Q

Crime survery includes…

A

NOT reported crimes as well.

better indication of violent/sexual crimes

59
Q

Moffit: 3 groups of offenders?

A

Adolescence-limited (b/t teen and adult)

Life course persistent (peer influences not necessary)

Abstainers (never become offenders)

60
Q

Primary and secondary anti-socials

A

Primary- drug use followed by criminal behavior (male, more violent, antisocial)

Secondary- drug use before criminal behavior

61
Q

development of violent offendors

A

Distal antecedents –> Early indicators –> Developmental processes –> Maintenance

62
Q

There has been a steady ____ of threat of sexual attacks

A

Decrease

63
Q

Approaches to the assessment of offenders?

A

Self report (e.g. questionaire)

Objective measures (e.g. cognitive tasks)

Observational methods (e.g. CCTV, confederates)

64
Q

Objective cognitive task examples

A

Emotional stroop

Dot-probe

65
Q

Example of an assessment of violent risk

A

HCR-20

66
Q

Example of an assessment for sexual violence risk

A

SVR-20

67
Q

Ainsworth reasons why prison is not effective

A

95% who commit a crime are not convicted

Those convicted, go to prison months after crime was commited, does not work in behaviourist terms

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions