forensic & labatory medicine

Question 1

what is the sample acceptance policy

Answer 1

the policy which means you must know vaguely what is being tested

a test has to be used to rule out or confirm a diagnosis

Question 2

what are some labatory medicine specialties s

Answer 2

clinical biochemistry

immunology

microbiology

haematology

Question 3

what are some reasons for requesting a labatory investigation

Answer 3

screening
diagnosis
monitoring
prognosis

Question 4

why is it important to adhere to the acceptance policy

Answer 4

It allows the laboratory to produce the right result, on the right patient, at the right time.

Allowing clinicians to give the right treatment in a timely manner!

Question 5

what is POCT

Answer 5

lab tests that can preformed by non-lab proffesionals

CLINICAL setting

Question 6

what is POCT useful for

Answer 6

Improved turnaround time
Potential for better monitoring of certain conditions
Smaller sample volumes
Less clinically invasive

Question 7

what are some examples of use of laboratory tests in the patient pathway

Answer 7

urine dip sticks 
blood glucose monitoring 
blood gases
urine analysis
blood test 
gram staining

Question 8

what is blunt force injury

Answer 8

impact with a blunt injury

Question 9

what are examples of blunt force injuries

Answer 9

contusions (bruises)
abrasions (graze, scratch)
lacerations (cut and tear)

Question 10

what is a contusion

Answer 10

a bruise

Question 11

what is a abrasion

Answer 11

a graze / scratch

Question 12

what is a laceration

Answer 12

a tear/ split of skin DUE TO CRUSSING

Question 13

what are sharp force wounds

Answer 13

Injury caused by any weapon with sharp cutting edge

superficial or penetrating

Question 14

what are the 3 dorms of sharp wounds

Answer 14

incised wounds

stab wounds

patterned stab wounds

Question 15

what are incised wounds

Answer 15

sharp force with a slashing motion

Question 16

what are stab wounds

Answer 16

penetrating injuries

wound DEPTH is GREATER than LENGTH

Question 17

what are the implications of a blunt trauma

Answer 17

other than surface level stuff have to think about internal bleeding and injury caused by non penetrating injuries

broken bones

Question 18

what are patented stab wounds

Answer 18

stab wounds which have specific shapes due to the object that caused the injury

Question 19

how can you distinguish post mortem injuries

Answer 19

lack of vital reaction

partchmented - no bleeding from the injury

Question 20

what are the two mechanisms of injury

Answer 20

force =
Kinetic energy = ½ mass x velocity2

AREA that the force acts over

Question 21

what are the manners of injury causation

Answer 21

suicidal, accidental, homicidal

Question 22

what is mechanical force

Answer 22

a force that involves the contact of two objects

Question 23

what can excessive mechanical force cause

Answer 23

Compression
Traction = stretch
Torsion = twisting
Tangential (shearing)

Question 24

what is an example of a traction injury

Answer 24

injury to the brachial plexus

Question 25

what are the implications of a sharp injury

Answer 25

more likely to be homicide or suicide less broken bones stab = internal damage incised = superficial blood vessels

Question 26

how can time of death be determined

Answer 26

WITH FUCK ALL ACCURACY

Question 27

what are the early post mortem changes

Answer 27

Temperature degradation Hypostasis (PM lividity) Rigor mortis

Question 28

what are late post mortem changes

Answer 28

Decomposition and Autolysis Mummification Adipocere Skeletonisation

Question 29

what is temperature degradation

Answer 29

the cooling of the human body (sigmoid curve)

Question 30

what are the rough rules of thumb for time of death

Answer 30

0-12hrs body temp - 1oC per hr 24hrs - rigor mortis and hypostasis 48hrs - putrefaction months to years Adipocere, mummification, skeletonisation

Question 31

what factors effect body cooling | 6

Answer 31

clothing/covers ambient temp (season - central heating) air movement - fast moving = cooling effect medium around the body = bath or river posture = curled up slows cooling haemorrhage - severe = rapid cooling

Question 32

what is hypostasis

Answer 32

post mortem lividity circulation stops so gravity pools blood to the lowest accessible area

Question 33

what can post mortem levity cause

Answer 33

pressure pallor | where the imprints of some objects are imprinted as blood cannot access that area (TV Remote)

Question 34

what is Rigor Mortis

Answer 34

Stiffening of muscle fibres leading to rigidity of the musculature and fixation of the joints Due to the reduction of ATP within the muscles after death

Question 35

what are the two sub units of decomposition

Answer 35

putrefaction and autolysis

Question 36

what is putrefaction

Answer 36

microbiocidal degradation

Question 37

what is autolysis

Answer 37

the destruction of the body by its own enzymes

Question 38

what is mummification

Answer 38

DRY decomposition body essential dries out preservation

Question 39

what is adipocere

Answer 39

occurs in DAMP and WET conditions alters fatty tissue into very hard and brittle material

Question 40

what is skeletonisation

Answer 40

when all soft tissue has been removed by PM animals to larvae