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Forensics Flashcards

1
Q

Top Down Approach

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2
Q

Organised Offender

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3
Q

Disorganised Offender

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4
Q

Constructing FBI Profiles

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5
Q

Evaluation Top Down

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6
Q

Bottom Up Approach

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7
Q

Interpersonal Coherence

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8
Q

Criminal Characteristics

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9
Q

Geographical Profiling

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10
Q

Forensic Awareness

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11
Q

Evaluation Bottom Up

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12
Q

Rachel Nickell

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13
Q

Atavistic Explanation

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Lombroso (1876) crims = separate species between mod & prim humans - physical shape of head & face determine born criminal

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14
Q

A03 Supporting Lombroso

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examined 383 dead skulls of crime contrib to criminology moved from moralistic to scientific noted facial features - heavy brow large strong jaw large ears extra fingers / toes

skulls could have included ppl w/ learning difs - may skew measurements some have physical effects on facial features

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15
Q

Hooton (1939)

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12 yr study 10 US states w/ console of 3023 comp male prisoners 13873 argued crime behav due to bio inferiority & degeneration list of physical features indicated trim behav - sloping head, protruding, narrow jaw - rectifies no L control

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16
Q

Goring (1913)

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looked at facial features of 3000 crims & non crims & found no evidence for facial features - L didn’t use control

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17
Q

Kaplan (1980)

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states poor appearance linked w/ poor soc interactions (due to how look?) can bring about trim behav, poor self esteem & reluctance to conform

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18
Q

Genetic Explanation

A

specific genes for crime = candidate genes
Brunner et al (1993) analysis of Neths crime fam had genetic condition Brunner’s Syndrome = low IQ & MAOA deficiency - metabol of S (aggression) can inherit conditions that make prone to crime

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19
Q

Tiihonen et al (2014)

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found abs in 2 genes assoc w/ violent crime = MAOA gene controls DA & S & CDH13 linked to substance abuse & attention deficit disorder
diathesis stress model genetics may effect but = triggered by environ

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20
Q

Crowe (1972)

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adoptees bio mum w/ crib rec Vs control w/o found of bio mum had rec then 50% of children did by 18 control = 5% regardless of environ = bio predis

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21
Q

Christiansen (1977)

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examined 3500 twin pairs in Denmark indicated degree of inheri concor = low even in MZ environ = role dif M&F twins q’s gender role
Male MZ = 35% DZ 13%
Female MZ = 21% DZ = 8% can help rule out environ

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22
Q

Raine (1993)

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m-a 13 studies MZ = 52% DZ = 21%

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23
Q

Mednick (1984)

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14k adoptees cram recs comp w/ bio & a p’s 13% of a p’s had rec 20% didn’t but bio p’s did 24% = both

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24
Q

Evaluation of Genetic Explanation

A

twin & fam studies don’t rule out environ - SL - adopt rectify brought up in dif environ helps see genetic effects - adopted child syndrome - bonding and attachment disorders - lying, stealing, defiance of auth and violence

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25
Brunner et al (1993)
= grit for using case study unique to small num - lacks gen = dif to apply to other fans
26
Nature/ Nurture Genetics
evidence in neural and some genetics = nature nurture should not be ignored & interaction overlooked = implications for CJS if not responsible can't punish
27
Gender & Crime
crim behav m likely to be male Wilson & Daly (1985) = evol bc = risky = attractive - risky behav used to mean m food also looked at US homicide & found nearly all = Male single unemployed - trying to boost soc status & get mate
28
Brain Structure Abnormalities: Limbic System
m primitive area assoc w/ emotion amygdala linked w/ agres Potegal et al (1996) stimed hams A and inc agres Blair & Mitchel looked at role in psychos and suggests abnor/dsyfunc in structure may = cause - involv in emotion and empathy process
29
Brain Structure Abnormalities: Pre-Frontal Cortex
regulates emo behav brain imaging studies individuals w/ APD have lower activity
30
Brain Structure Abnormalities: Mirror Neurons
control empathy reaction = switched on & off in APD only when asked to emp w/ someone could choose
31
Brain Structure Abnormalities: Frontal Lobe
inc func soc behav & planing Brower & Price (2001) linked damage to dysfunc & violent crime Kandel & Freed (1989) damage & AS behav tendency to = emo unstable fail to consider cons of actions & adapt behav to external cues = result of impaired func Raine et al (1997) use of PET scans to assess brain activity of ptps (41 m's) found reduced rates in many brain areas inclu corpus callosum, amygdala & hippocampus
32
Biochemical Imbalances
serotonin thought to inhib agres respon to stem dec levels assoc w/ inc impul agres violent suicide DA limbic system act = pleasure - greater activity = inc pleasure inc addiction = implic of behav linked to addition - substance abuse - crime m likely to be linked to dopaminergic pathway
33
Mann et al (1990)
drugs that dec S inc hostility & agres in m's (not f's)
34
Moir & Jessel (1995)
elite num of humans & animal studies link low levels of S & agres w/ inc crim
35
Buitelataar (2002)
Juvi delinqs give DA antag dec levels of agres
36
Coupis (2008)
some individuals who engage in certain behav may exper inc DA and so seek exper again
37
Higley et al (1996)
testosterone levels = + correl w/ agres not impul zero = - correl w/ impul & extreme behav make and non human primates bio chemistry levels affect behav
38
Serbo & Raire (1993)
m-a 29 pieces of research into antisocial ppl all dec S levels
39
Krakowsk (2003)
argued whilst S implicated in lack of impul control & violence makes causal link hard proposed depends on individual diff & soc context
40
Bio chem = reductionist
looks at neurotrans / brain regions might contrib but may overlook environ etc but allows m straight forward thinking = easier to detangle all pos explans & interactions & invest sci - overlooking factors = essen for good scientific practice
41
Neurochem = Over simplistic
links ab Neurotrans levels & offending behav = violent & agres but not all crime is - lacks complex for burglary / fraud
42
Correlational Problems
no clear cause & effect e.g., dec S could E/C brain structure abs - Raine et al (1977) cause / environ result m likely to = crim highlights complex of bio & behav rela
43
Free Will
= deterministic internal factors can't hold ppl accountable
44
Validity of Biochem
neurotrans studies on animals inc agres in mice w/ inc neurotrans levels doesn't mean auto extrapolate to humans
45
Real Life Application Bio chem
explan = relevant to everyday behav may lead to often behav in some circumstances may underpin MIs & this inc crim behav than just bio chems
46
Extraversion / Introversion
Es: need excitement enjoy parties & company = optimistic & impulsive can easily lose temper = agres & unreliable = underaroused seek sstim less likely to consider cons enjoy crime thrill Is: reserved dislike change & noise = reliable higher morals enjoy own company think b4 act
47
Neuroticism / Stable
48
Psychoticism
49
Eysenck & Gudjonsson (1979)
50
Eysenck (1977)
51
Bartol (1978)
52
Blackwell (1993)
53
McCrae & Costa (1999)
54
McGurk (1981)
55
Howitt (2009)
56
Preconventional
57
Conventional
58
Postconventional
59
Kohlberg Heinz Dilemma
60
Thorton & Reid
61
Hollin
62
Cognitive Distortions
63
Hostile Attribution Bias
64
Spielberg (1988)
65
Gudjonsson (1984)
66
Crick & Dodge (1994)
67
Minimalisation
68
Alvaro & Gibbs (1996)
69
Holteworth, Monroe & Hutchinson (1993)
70
Mauran & Mann (2006)
71
Kohlberg
Androcentric
72
Gilligan (1972)
male moral views m likely to be law & pragmatic based women less prag & m compassionate
73
Rosen (1980)
74
HAB Evaluation
75
Minimalisation Evaluation
76
Differential Association Theory
77
Alarid et al (2000)
78
Richard Ramirez
79
Individual Differences
80
Difficulty Testing
81
DAT Evaluation
82
Psychodynamic Explanation
83
Defence Mechanisms
84
Displacement
85
Sublimation
86
Rationalisation
87
Repression
88
Denial
89
Projection
90
Bowlby
91
Megargee (1966)
92
Bowlby Evaluation
93
Defence Mechs Evaluation
94
lacks Falsifiability
95
Gender Bias
96
Contradictory Evidence
97
Deterrence
98
Incapacitation
99
Rehabilitation
100
Retribution
101
Psychological Effects: Stress & Depression
102
Daniel (2006)
103
Dooley (1990)
104
Psychological Effects: Institutionalisation
105
Psychological Effects: Prisonisation
106
Bartol (1995)
107
Universities for Crime
108
Benefits Available
109
Individual Differences
110
Recidivism
111
Token Economies
112
D'Alessio (2012)
113
Cohen & Filipczak (1971)
114
Hobbs & Holt (1976)
TEs
115
Bassett & Blanehard (1974)
116
Blackburn (1993) | Token Economies
117
Moya & Achtenburg
118
Anger Management A01
119
3 Stages
120
Keen (2000)
121
Eclectic Approach Positives
122
Tackles Cause
123
Eclectic Approach Negatives
little evidence to suggest AM reduces Recidivism = expen & requires highly trained professionals anger may not be the cause - non-v crime
124
Loza & Fanous (1999)
devised psychometric test & showed little dif between v & non-v offenders AM may give excuse / justi
125
Blackburn (1993) | Anger Management
126
Restoritive Justice A01
127
Sherman & Strangs (2007)
128
Latimer (2012)
129
Diversity of Programmes
130
Feminist Criticism
131
Relies on Remorse
132
Miers et al (2001)

Psychology (11 decks)

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