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P2 Environmental Science A Level Aqa > Forestry > Flashcards

Forestry Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main components of forest resources?

A

Forestry, forest exploitation and management, ecosystem services, importance, traditional forest management, unsustainable forest exploitation, modern forest management, sustainable forest management, causes, effects, types, deforestation

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2
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s land is covered by forests?

A

30%

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3
Q

What term describes the final stage of ecological succession characterized by a stable community?

A

Climax community

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4
Q

Name two types of forests with high primary productivity.

A
  • Tropical Rainforest
  • Temperate deciduous forest
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5
Q

List three species commonly found in temperate deciduous forests.

A
  • Oak
  • Maple
  • Beech
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical hardwoods?

A

High strength-to-weight ratio, flexible, little processing needed, readily available

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7
Q

What is the primary material used to make paper?

A

Flattened sheets of interwoven cellulose fibres from pulped wood

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8
Q

True or False: Forests provide food resources such as fruit, nuts, and bushmeat.

A

True

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9
Q

What medicinal compound is derived from the cinchona tree?

A

Quinine

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which forests regulate atmospheric gases is called _______.

A

Atmospheric regulation

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11
Q

What is carbon sequestration?

A

The process by which growing trees take carbon out of the atmosphere

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12
Q

How do forests contribute to the hydrological cycle?

A

Evapotranspiration increases cloud cover and local rainfall

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13
Q

Describe the impact of forests on soil conservation.

A

Forests aid soil formation, reduce soil erosion, increase humus and nutrient levels, and hold soil together

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14
Q

What are the two main types of forest management?

A
  • Traditional forest management
  • Modern commercial forestry
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15
Q

What is Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)?

A

The volume of wood that can be removed annually which the forest or plantation will replace with new growth

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16
Q

Identify two causes of deforestation.

A
  • Deliberate removal for other land use
  • Unsustainable exploitation
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17
Q

What are the ecological impacts of deforestation?

A
  • Reduced biodiversity
  • Changes in hydrology
  • Impact on soil
  • Climate impacts
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18
Q

What is the role of mixed species plantations in sustainable forest management?

Study These Flashcards
A

Increase wildlife diversity due to different food resources and ecological niches

19
Q

True or False: Deforestation can lead to increased rainfall downwind.

20
Q

What is one method to increase the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Select species that grow quickly

21
Q

List three non-timber uses of forests.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Ecosystem services
  • Amenity use
  • Wildlife conservation
22
Q

Fill in the blank: Forests can be exploited sustainably if harvesting rate and _______ are carefully managed.

Study These Flashcards
A

Environmental impacts

23
Q

What role do trees play in the microclimate beneath the forest canopy?

Study These Flashcards
A

Create a wider range of conditions that support different species

24
Q

What is the significance of genetic resources in forests?

Study These Flashcards
A

They may contain genes for new characteristics to incorporate into future selective breeding programmes

25
Identify two examples of hardwood species.
* Teak * Mahogany
26
What is the effect of tree roots on soil erosion?
They hold soil together and reduce erosion by running water over the surface
27
What activities are included in public recreation?
Walking, horse riding, cycling ## Footnote These activities are increasingly popular in forests opened to the public.
28
What are features of sustainably managed forests?
Harvesting rates below MSY, mixed species plantations, indigenous species, mixed age structure ## Footnote MSY stands for Maximum Sustainable Yield.
29
What is the benefit of mixed species plantations?
Increase wildlife diversity due to different food resources, interspecies relationships, and niches.
30
How does a mixed age structure benefit forests?
It creates greater diversity of abiotic factors like light and wind, leading to increased niches and biodiversity.
31
What is selective logging?
A method of logging that minimizes damage to remaining forest and maintains age structure.
32
What is the disadvantage of clear-felling in forests?
It removes all trees, resulting in loss of mixed age structure and biodiversity.
33
What are the characteristics of selectively logged trees?
Good seed trees remain upwind/nearby, the middle of the forest is not exploited, and small trees are left.
34
What is the main priority of the Programme for Belize (PfB)?
Conservation of the forest and sustainable use of its resources.
35
What management conflicts arise from forest conservation?
Conservation benefits wildlife but threatens local communities dependent on forest resources for fuelwood, timber, and food.
36
What is the role of unique identification tags in logging?
They allow timber to be tracked from its original location to its final retail destination.
37
What is the purpose of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)?
To accredit the sustainability of individual forestry operations.
38
What percentage of the UK's wood and wood products are imported?
85% of total consumption.
39
What is the primary use of UK produced softwood?
40% for paper, 30% for wood panels, 25% for sawn wood.
40
What are the main features of tropical plantations?
Monoculture production, species selection, selective breeding.
41
Fill in the blank: Large scale exploitation of rainforests began with _______.
[European empires]
42
True or False: Early logging methods primarily used clear-felling.
False.
43
What is a consequence of monoculture production in plantations?
It produces low biodiversity and a simple age structure.
44
What is the impact of genetically similar trees in plantations?
They result in similar growth rates and physical properties, making timber processing easier.

P2 Environmental Science A Level Aqa (11 decks)

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