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Neuro > Formation or whatever > Flashcards

Formation or whatever Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

anterior

A

pointing toward nose

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2
Q

rostral

A

pointing toward nose

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3
Q

posterior

A

pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose

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4
Q

caudal

A

pointing toward tail/opposite direction from nose

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5
Q

dorsal

A

pointing up

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6
Q

ventral

A

pointing down

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7
Q

midline

A

the invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system

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8
Q

medial

A

structures closer to the midline

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9
Q

lateral

A

structures farther away from the midline

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10
Q

ipsilateral

A

two structures on the same side of the midline

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11
Q

contralateral

A

two structures on opposite sides of the midline

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12
Q

sagittal cut

A

parallel to midsagittal (down the middle)

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13
Q

horizontal cut

A

parallel to the ground

splits brain into dorsal and ventral parts

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14
Q

coronal cut

A

perpendicular to ground

splits brain into caudal and rostral parts

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15
Q

midsagittal cut

A

splits brain into equal left and right halves

cut down longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

nervous system organization

A

CNS, brain and spinal cord

PNS, somatic PNS and visceral PNS

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17
Q

somatic PNS

A

somatic afferent fibers
somatic efferent fibers
all the spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control

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18
Q

autonomic/visceral PNS

A

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, and glands; bring information about visceral function to CNS

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19
Q

afferent v efferent

A

afferent bring towards spinal cord, efferent carry away from spinal cord

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20
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response, increase blood pressure and heart rate, slows down digestion

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21
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body down after stress, decreases blood pressure and heart rate, increases digestion

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22
Q

brain stem function

A

relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa, regulates vital functions

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23
Q

dorsal root

A

contains axons bringing information into spinal cord

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24
Q

ventral root

A

contains axons carrying information away from spinal cord

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25
cranial nerves
arise from brain stem and innervate head
26
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid salty water that washes brain made in choroid plexus
27
CFS circulation
flows from paired ventricles of cerebrum to series of connected unpaired cavities at core of brain stem exits ventricular system and enters subarachnoid space absorbed in subarachnoid space by blood vessels at arachnoid villi
28
what layer is CSF found meninges
subarachnoid space
29
water on the brain/hydrocephalus
when flow of CSF from choroid plexus through ventricular system to subarachnoid space impaired, fluid backs up and causes swelling of ventricles head expands in babies in adults soft brain tissue compressed, can lead to death
30
meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling.
31
subdural hematoma
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the covering of the brain (dura) and the surface of the brain. A subdural hematoma is most often the result of a severe head injury. This type of subdural hematoma is among the deadliest of all head injuries. The bleeding fills the brain area very rapidly, compressing brain tissue. This often results in brain injury and may lead to death. Subdural hematomas can also occur after a minor head injury. The amount of bleeding is smaller and occurs more slowly. This type of subdural hematoma is often seen in older adults. These may go unnoticed for many days to weeks, and are called chronic subdural hematomas. With any subdural hematoma, tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect. In older adults, the veins are often already stretched because of brain shrinkage (atrophy) and are more easily injured.
32
STUDY BRAIN PART FUNCTIONS FLASH CARDS
okay
33
forebrain
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
34
midbrain
midbrain
35
hindbrain
pons, cerebellum, medulla
36
DSVM
Dorsal Sensory Ventral Motor
37
white matter
a bundle of axons in the CNS
38
gray matter
the cell bodies of the neurons in the CNS
39
gray matter and white matter locations in spinal cord/brain
gray: surface of brain, deep inside spinal cord white: buried in brain's cortex, outside of spinal cord
40
CT
generates image of brain slice x ray beams used to generate data that generates a digitally reconstructed image 2D structural
41
fMRI
active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen, more blood to activate regions, techniques detect changes in blood flow 3D functional more oxygenated hemoglobin in part of brain then shows up on scan hemoglobin has iron in it
42
MRI
uses info on how hydrogen atoms respond in brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field, signals mapped by computer 3D structural
43
PET
``` detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within brain active neurons blood flow positron emission tomography 3D functional ```
44
advantages of MRI over CT
more detail doesn't require x-irradiation brain slice image in any angle
45
germ layers of embryo
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
46
endoderm
becomes internal organs | digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, pancreas
47
mesoderm
becomes bones, cartilage, muscles, somites, eventually vertebrae and associated muscles muscles and skeleton
48
ectoderm
becomes neural tube (eventually CNS), neural crest (eventually PNS), skin, hair outer layer of skin, hair, lining of nose and mouth, nervous system
49
stages of neurulation
1. primitive embryonic CNS begins as thin sheet of ectoderm 2. formation of neural groove 3. walls of neural groove (neural folds) come together and fuse, forming the neural tube 4. bits of neural ectoderm pinched off when tube rolls up = neural crest, PNS develops from it, neural tube closes up
50
neurulation
process by which neural plate becomes the neural tube
51
neural tube generates
entire CNS
52
neural crest generates
all neurons with cell bodies in PNS
53
somites become
33 individual vertebrae of spinal column and related skeletal muscles
54
vitamin need to have to help prevent neural tube defects
folic acid/folate
55
anencephaly
failure of anterior neural tube to close degeneration of forebrain and skull always fatal
56
spina bifida
failure of posterior neural tube to close failure of posterior spinal cord to form from neural plate or defects in meninges and vertebrae overlying posterior spinal cord usually not fatal
57
three vesicles and what give rise to
prosencephalon —> telencephalon and diencephalon mesencephalon —> mesencephalon rhombencephalon —> metencephalon and myelencephalon
58
five vesicles and what give rise to
``` telencephalon —> cerebrum diencephalon—> thalamus and hypothalamus mesencephalon—> midbrain metencephalon—> pons and cerebellum myelencephalon—> medulla ```
59
dura mater
outermost meninge, thickest and most protective
60
arachnoid
middle
61
pia mater
innermost meninge, gentle
62
STUDY DIAGRAMS OF SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES
okay

Neuro (33 decks)

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