Neurons First Test

Question 1

neuron

Answer 1

sense changes in brain environment, communicate changes to other neurons, and commands body’s responses to changes
excitable
amitotic

Question 2

glial cell

Answer 2

insulate, support, and nourish neurons
glue
non excitable
10x more numerous than neurons
mitotic

Question 3

histology

Answer 3

the microscopic study of the structure of tissues

Question 4

nissl stain

Answer 4

a class of basic dyes that stains the nucleus of all cells and also stains clumps of material surrounding the nuclei of neurons
distinguishes neurons and glia from one another
enables histologists to study arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain

Question 5

cytoarchitecture

Answer 5

the arrangement of neurons in different parts of the brain

study of cytoarchitecture led to realization that brain consists of many specialized regions

Question 6

golgi stain

Answer 6

golgi soak brain tissue in silver chromate solution
small percentage of neurons become darkly colored in entirety
revealed that neuronal cell body (region of neuron around the nucleus that is shown with the nissl stain) is only small fraction of total structure of neuron

Question 7

cell body

Answer 7

swollen region containing organelles and cell nucleus

aka soma aka perikaryon

Question 8

neurite

Answer 8

the thin tubes that radiate away from the soma

two types: axons and dendrites

Question 9

axon

Answer 9

wires that carry the output of the neurons

Question 10

dendrite

Answer 10

come in contact with axons

act as antennae of neuron to receive incoming signals or input

Question 11

neuron doctrine

Answer 11

the idea that the neuron adhered to the cell theory
golgi said neurons continuous, cajal said neurites of different neurons are not continuous and communicate by contact not continuity
canal/neuron doctrine correct

Question 12

cytosol

Answer 12

the watery fluid inside the cell

contanis organelles

Question 13

organelle

Answer 13

membrane-enclosed structures inside the cell

Question 14

cytoplasm

Answer 14

everything contained within the confines of the cell membrane, including the organelles but excluding the nucleus

Question 15

nucleus

Answer 15

spherical, centrally located
contained within nuclear envelope
contains DNA and genetic material for the cell

Question 16

chromosome

Answer 16

contain genetic material DNA

double strands

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

genetic material passed on by parents
codes for identity
huge amount

Question 18

gene

Answer 18

segments of DNA that code for specific parts of identity

Question 19

gene expression

Answer 19

the reading of the DNA
final product of this is the synthesis of proteins
the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

Question 20

protein

Answer 20

exist in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, perform many different functions, and bestow upon neurons virtually all of their unique characteristics

Question 21

protein synthesis

Answer 21

assembly of protein molecules

occurs in cytoplasm

Question 22

mRNA

Answer 22

the intermediary that carries the genetic message to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
consists of four different nucleic acids strung together in various sequences to form a chain
detailed sequence of nucleic acids represents the information in the gene

Question 23

transcription

Answer 23

process of assembling mRNA from DNA

occurs in nucleus

Question 24

microglial cell

Answer 24

function as phagocytes to remove debris left by dead or degenerating neurons and glia

Question 25

translation

Answer 25

assembling of proteins from amino acids under direction mRNA | occurs in cytoplasm

Question 26

ribosome

Answer 26

take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins using the blueprint provided by the mRNA attached to rough ER and free rough go into membranes proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are destined to reside within the cytosol of the neuron

Question 27

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

nissl bodies major site of protein synthesis proteins synthesized here are destined to be inserted into the membrane of the cell or an organelle

Question 28

smooth ER

Answer 28

performs different functions site where proteins that just out from the membrane are folded regulate internal concentrations of substances in the cell

Question 29

golgi apparatus

Answer 29

site of extensive post translation chemical processing of proteins sorts certain products that are destined for delivery to different parts of the neuron

Question 30

mitochondrion

Answer 30

site of cellular respiration energy of cell makes ATP powerhouse of the cell

Question 31

ATP

Answer 31

cell's energy source energy currency of the cell used to fuel most of the biochemical reactions of the neuron

Question 32

neuronal membrane

Answer 32

barrier to enclose the cytoplasm inside the neuron | excludes certain substances that float in the fluid that bathes the neuron

Question 33

cytoskeleton

Answer 33

scaffolding of the cell gives neuron characteristic shape microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments elements of it are dynamically regulated and in continual motion

Question 34

microtubule

Answer 34

big and run longitudinally down neurons straight, thick-walled hollow pipe biggest

Question 35

microfilament

Answer 35

``` smallest numerous in neuritis brain of two thin strands actin filaments run longitudinally down the core of the neuritis anchored to the membrane ```

Question 36

neurofilament

Answer 36

middle size exist as intermediate filaments closely resemble bones and ligaments of the skeleton very strong

Question 37

axon hillock

Answer 37

beginning of axon tapers to form initial segment of axon proper differences between axons and soma: 1. no rough ER extends into the axon and there are few if any free ribosomes 2. protein composition of the axon membrane is fundamentally different from that of the soma membrane

Question 38

axon collateral

Answer 38

branches of axons vary in size thicker axon means faster impulse

Question 39

axon terminal

Answer 39

aka terminal button | site where axon comes in contact with other neurons and passes information on to them

Question 40

terminal button

Answer 40

same as axon terminal

Question 41

synapse

Answer 41

point of contact of axon and dendrite of other cell

Question 42

synaptic vesicle

Answer 42

axon terminal contains numerous small bubbles of membrane | store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

Question 43

neurotransmitter

Answer 43

the chemical signals that cross the synaptic cleft stored in and released from the synaptic vesicles different neurotransmitters have different functions

Question 44

axoplasmic transport

Answer 44

movement of material down the axon | anterograde and retrograde

Question 45

anterograde transport

Answer 45

movement of materials from the soma to the axon terminal

Question 46

receptor

Answer 46

specialized protein molecules in the dendritic membrane that detect the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

Question 47

dendritic spine

Answer 47

specialized structures that cover the dendrites of some neurons receive some types of synaptic input

Question 48

unipolar neuron

Answer 48

neuron that has a single neurite

Question 49

bipolar neuron

Answer 49

neuron that has two neurites

Question 50

multipolar neuron

Answer 50

neuron that has multiple neuritis | most neurons are multipolar

Question 51

stellate cell

Answer 51

star shaped cell/dendritic tree

Question 52

pyramidal cell

Answer 52

pyramid shaped cell/dendritic tree

Question 53

spiny neuron

Answer 53

neuron whose dendrites have spines

Question 54

spinous neuron

Answer 54

neuron whose dendrites don't have spines

Question 55

primary sensory neuron

Answer 55

cells with connections | information delivered to nervous system by neurons that have neuritis in the sensory surfaces of the body

Question 56

motor neuron

Answer 56

have axons that form synapses with the muscles and command movements

Question 57

interneuron

Answer 57

most neurons | form connections only with other neurons

Question 58

astrocyte

Answer 58

most numerous glia fill spaces between neurons influence growth regulate chemical content of extracellular space actively remove many neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft

Question 59

oligodendroglial cell

Answer 59

provide layers of membrane that insulate axons found in CNS contribute myelin to several axons

Question 60

schwann cell

Answer 60

provide layers of membrane that insulate axons found in PNS contribute myelin to only one axon

Question 61

myelin

Answer 61

the insulation around axons myelin sheath is the entire covering speeds up propagation of nerve impulses down axon

Question 62

node of ranvier

Answer 62

periodic interruptions of the myelin sheath short lengths where the axonal membrane is exposed speed up nerve impulses transport

Question 63

ependymal cell

Answer 63

provide lining of fluid filled ventricles within the brain play role in directing cell migration during brain development help make CSF

Question 64

differences between cytoplasm of axon terminal and that of axon

Answer 64

1. microtubules don't extend into the terminal 2. terminal contains numerous synaptic vesicles 3. inside surface of membrane that faces synapse has particularly dense covering of proteins 4. numerous mitochondria indicating high energy demand

Question 65

retrograde transport

Answer 65

movement of material from axon terminal to soma