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1st year GI > formative > Flashcards

formative Flashcards

1
Q

what are camoylobacter

A

Common cause of food poisoning.

Typically food poisoning causes gastroenteritis, an infection of the gut leading to diarrhoea and sometimes being sick

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2
Q

what is cryptosporidium

A

Cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness that primarily involves watery diarrhea with or without a persistent cough in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient humans

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3
Q

what is rotavirus

A

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children

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4
Q

what is shigella

A

Shigella infection (shigellosis) is an intestinal infection caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella. The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which often is bloody. It is very contageous and people can get infected when they come into contact with small amounts of bacteria from stool of a pareson who is infected

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5
Q

what are symptoms of vit A deficiency

A
  • Dry Skin.
  • Dry Eyes. Eye problems are some of the most well-known issues related to vitamin A deficiency.
  • Night Blindness.
  • Infertility and Trouble Conceiving.
  • Delayed Growth.
  • Throat and Chest Infections.
  • Poor Wound Healing.
  • Acne and Breakouts.
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6
Q

what are symptoms of vit B12 deficiency

A
  • a pale yellow tinge to your skin.
  • a sore and red tongue (glossitis)
  • mouth ulcers.
  • pins and needles (paraesthesia)
  • changes in the way that you walk and move around.
  • disturbed vision.
  • irritability.
  • depression.
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7
Q

what are symptoms of vit C deficiency

A
  • anemia
  • myalgia, or pain, including bone pain
  • swelling, or edema
  • petechiae, or small red spots resulting from bleeding under the skin
  • corkscrew hairs
  • gum disease and loss of teeth
  • poor wound healing
  • shortness of breath
  • mood changes, and depression
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8
Q

what are symptoms of vit D deficiency

A 
Fatigue or tiredness.
Bone pain.
Joint pain.
Muscle pain.
Sour mood.
Low energy.
More frequent illness.
Anxiety.
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9
Q

what cells are in acute inflammation

A

The main characteristics of acute inflammation are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes (predominantly neutrophils).

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10
Q

what cells are in chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

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11
Q

what cells are found in granulomatous inflammation

A

collections of macrophages, epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells.

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12
Q

what is serous inflammation

A

Serous inflammation is a form of inflammation where the predominant feature is the production of a serum-like exudate. The fluid may derive from increased capillary permeability, as may occur in the early stages of acute inflammation, or it may result from active secretion by cells lining body cavities.

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13
Q

what is the accessory pancreatic duct

A

The accessory pancreatic duct (APD) is the main drainage duct of the dorsal pancreatic bud in the embryo, entering the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla (MIP). With the growth, the duct of the dorsal bud undergoes varying degrees of atrophy at the duodenal end.

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14
Q

what is the common bile duct

A

A tube that carries bile from the liver and the gallbladder through the pancreas and into the duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). It is formed where the ducts from the liver and gallbladder are joined. It is part of the biliary duct system.

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15
Q

what is the cystic duct

A

A tube that carries bile from the gall bladder. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct.

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16
Q

what is the hepatic duct

A

Common hepatic duct: The duct formed by the junction of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right half of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left half of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct

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17
Q

what is the major pancreatic duct

A

The main pancreatic duct originates in the distal pancreatic tail and runs towards the head of the pancreas, with gradually increasing caliber from ~ 1–2 mm in the tail, 2–3 mm in the body, and 3–4 mm in the head. Under most circumstances, pancreatic fluid is emptied into the duodenum through the main pancreatic duct.

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18
Q

what are foregut organs

A
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • caudal portion of duodenum
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19
Q

what artery supplies the foregut

A

celiac trunk

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20
Q

what are the midgut organs

A
  • distal half of the duodenum, jejenum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and the proximal half of the transverse colon
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21
Q

what supplies the midgut

A

branches of the superior mesenteric arteries and veins

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22
Q

what are the hindgut organs

A
  • distil 3rd of transverse colon and the splenic flexure, the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
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23
Q

what supplies the hindgut organs

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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24
Q

what is the left gastric

A

a branch of the celiac trunk and supplies the lesser curvature of teh stomcah

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25
Q

what is atrophy

A

reduction in size of cell

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26
Q

what is dysplasia

A

Dysplasia is a broad term that refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs. It can lead to a wide range of conditions that involve enlarged tissue or pre-cancerous cells.

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27
Q

what is metaplasia

A

abnormal change in the nature of a tissue

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28
Q

what is c.diff

A

Clostridium difficile, also known as C. difficile or C. diff, is bacteria that can infect the bowel and cause diarrhoea. The infection most commonly affects people who have recently been treated with antibiotics.

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29
Q

how does c.diff spread

A

diff germs are carried from person to person in poo

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30
Q

amlodipine (CCB) side effects

A 
Swelling (edema)
Excess fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema)
Headache.
Fatigue.
Palpitations.
Dizziness.
Nausea.
Flushing.
31
Q

aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) side effect

A 
rash,
gastrointestinal ulcerations,
abdominal pain,
upset stomach,
heartburn,
drowsiness,
headache,
cramping,
32
Q

doxazosin side effects

A
  • feeling weak, sleepy or dizzy
  • headaches
  • swollen feet, ankles, fingers
  • UTI
  • stomach pain
  • nausea or vomitting
33
Q

ramipril (ACEI) side effects

A

a dry, tickly cough that does not go away.
feeling dizzy or lightheaded, especially when you stand up or sit up quickly (this is more likely to happen when you start taking ramipril or move on to a higher dose)
headaches.
diarrhoea and being sick (vomiting)
a mild skin rash.
blurred vision.

34
Q

what is a case-control study

A

A case–control study (also known as case–referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.

35
Q

what is a case report

A

A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient.

36
Q

what is a cohort study

A

A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.

37
Q

what is a systematic review

A

Systematic reviews are a type of review that uses repeatable analytical methods to collect secondary data and analyse it

38
Q

what is a cross sectional study

A

cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.

39
Q

what tests assess the livers synthetic function

A

bilirubin, albumin and PT

40
Q

what is ALT

A

ALT is found in high concentrations within hepatocytes and enters the blood following hepatocellular injury. It is, therefore, a useful marker of hepatocellular injury.

41
Q

What is ALP

A

ALP is particularly concentrated in the liver, bile duct and bone tissues. ALP is often raised in liver pathology due to increased synthesis in response to cholestasis. As a result, ALP is a useful indirect marker of cholestasis.

42
Q

what does a raised GGT suggest

A

biliary epithelial damage and bile flow obstruction

43
Q

what does a raised ALP and GGT suggest

A

cholestasis

44
Q

what is positive predictive value

A

Positive predictive value is the probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease.

45
Q

what is negative predictive value

A

Negative predictive value is the probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don’t have the disease.

46
Q

what is Boerhaave syndrome

A

Effort rupture of the esophagus, or Boerhaave syndrome, is a spontaneous perforation of the esophagus that results from a sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with negative intrathoracic pressure (eg, severe straining or vomiting

47
Q

what are gastric ulcers

A

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. Ulcers can also occur in part of the intestine just beyond the stomach. These are known as duodenal ulcers. Both stomach and duodenal ulcers are sometimes referred to as peptic ulcers.

48
Q

what is gastritis

A

Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.

49
Q

what is a mallory weiss tear

A

A Mallory-Weiss tear is a tear of the tissue of your lower esophagus. It is most often caused by violent coughing or vomiting. A Mallory-Weiss tear can be diagnosed and treated during an endoscopic procedure. If the tear is not treated, it can lead to anemia, fatigue, shortness of breath, and even shock.

50
Q

what are oesophageal varicies

A

Esophageal varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the tube that connects the throat and stomach (esophagus). This condition occurs most often in people with serious liver diseases. Esophageal varices develop when normal blood flow to the liver is blocked by a clot or scar tissue in the liver.

51
Q

what is the gastroduodenal artery

A

branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the pylorus of the stomach, superior part of the duodenum and the head of the pancrease

52
Q

what tissue is characteristic at the base of a peptic ulcer

A

granulation tissue with a layer of inflamed necrotic debris above it

53
Q

what is malnutrition universial screening tool

A

‘MUST’ is a five-step screening tool to identify adults, who are malnourished, at risk of malnutrition (undernutrition), or obese. It also includes management guidelines which can be used to develop a care plan. It is for use in hospitals, community and other care settings and can be used by all care workers.

54
Q

what is gallstones

A

Gallstones are small stones that form in the gallbladder, a small organ found near the liver.

55
Q

what are symptoms of gallstones

A

Gallstones don’t usually cause any symptoms. But if a gallstone blocks one of the bile ducts, it can cause sudden, severe abdominal pain, known as biliary colic.
Gallstones can cause sudden, severe abdominal pain that usually lasts 1 to 5 hours, although it can sometimes last just a few minutes.
-a high temperature of 38C or above
-more persistent pain
a rapid heartbeat
-yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
-itchy skin
-diarrhoea
-chills or shivering attacks
-confusion
-a loss of appetite

The pain can be felt:

in the centre of your abdomen (tummy)
just under the ribs on your right-hand side – it may spread from here to your side or shoulder blade
The pain is constant and isn’t relieved by going to the toilet, passing wind or being sick.

It’s sometimes triggered by eating fatty foods, but may occur at any time of day and may wake you up during the night.

56
Q

what is sigmoid volvulus

A

Sigmoid volvulus is a condition in which the sigmoid colon wraps around itself and its own mesentery, causing a closed-loop obstruction . It remains a rare but important intestinal obstruction

57
Q

what is an air enema

A

A small, soft tube is inserted into the rectum. The technologist will tape and hold this tube in place snuggly to minimize leakage of air during the procedure. The radiologist will pump air into the colon through the tube to attempt to use air pressure to push the bowel back to its normal length.

58
Q

what is a barium enema

A

A barium enema is an X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon). The procedure is also called a colon X-ray. An enema is the injection of a liquid into your rectum through a small tube

59
Q

what is a flatus tube

A

It is reusable rubber tube used for the removal of flatus (gas in the stomach or intestines). It is also used for the treatment of sigmoid volvulus and intussusception. It is used also for barium enema.

60
Q

what is laparoscopy

A

Laparoscopy, also known as diagnostic laparoscopy, is a surgical diagnostic procedure used to examine the organs inside the abdomen. It’s a low-risk, minimally invasive procedure that requires only small incisions. Laparoscopy uses an instrument called a laparoscope to look at the abdominal organs.

61
Q

what is laparotomy

A

Laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves a surgeon making one large incision in the abdomen. Doctors use laparotomy to look inside the abdominal cavity to diagnose or treat abdominal health conditions.

62
Q

what is Bartholins cyst

A

A Bartholin’s cyst is a painless fluid-filled lump near the opening of the vagina.
A Bartholin’s cyst feels like a soft, painless lump near the opening of the vagina. Large cysts can cause pain when walking, sitting or during sex.

63
Q

what is a direct inguinal hernia

A

A direct inguinal hernia is caused by a weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. The abdominal contents (usually just fatty tissue, sometimes with bowel) are forced through this defect and enter the inguinal canal. This means that the contents emerge in the canal medial to the deep ring

64
Q

what is a c.diff infection

A

Clostridium difficile, also called C. diff, is a type of bacteria that can cause a bowel infection.
Symptoms of a Clostridium difficile infection include diarrhoea, a high temperature and feeling sick.
A Clostridium difficile infection is usually treated with antibiotics that are known to kill the bacteria.
Most people get a Clostridium difficile infection while taking antibiotics for another reason. You can catch it from other people.

65
Q

what is a E.coli 0157 infection

A

Most strains of E. coli are harmless to humans. Some strains of E. coli infection can include nausea, vomiting, and fever.

66
Q

what is giardia lamblia infection

A

Giardiasis is a stomach bug caused by a tiny parasite.
Symptoms of giardiasis include smelly diarrhoea, burps that smell like eggs, tummy pain and bloating
Giardiasis is treated with antibiotics. Stay off school or work until your symptoms have stopped for 2 days to avoid spreading the infection.
Giardiasis is often caught from water that’s not been treated to kill germs. Most people get it while travelling in developing countries.

67
Q

what is norovirus infection

A

Norovirus infection can cause the sudden onset of severe vomiting and diarrhea. The virus is highly contagious and commonly spread through food or water that is contaminated during preparation or through contaminated surfaces. You can also be infected through close contact with an infected person.

68
Q

what are haemorrhoids

A

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.

69
Q

what is pseudomembranous colitis

A

Pseudomembranous colitis refers to swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use.

70
Q

what is meningitis

A

Meningitis is inflammation of the lining around your brain and spinal cord. It can be very serious if not treated quickly.
Symptoms of meningitis include being sick, a headache, a stiff neck and a dislike of bright lights. You may sometimes get a rash.
Meningitis is usually treated with antibiotics in hospital. Treatment should start as soon as possible.
Vaccinations can protect you against some types of meningitis.

71
Q

what complex doesn’t pump protons as electrons pass through the respiratory chain

A

complex 2

72
Q

how many NAD+ molecules are reduced in the degradation of palmtop CoA to form 8 molecules of acetylene-CoA

A

7

73
Q

the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate is only found in cells which have this function

A

the ability to store glycogen

1st year GI (16 decks)

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