Formative Exam Questions

Question 1

Ordinarily a child is presumed to be Gillick competent from what age?

Answer 1

16

Question 2

When a child patient is adjudged to be Gillick competent, they can what?

Answer 2

They can consent to some treatments (or procedures) but not necessarily dissent.

Question 3

In the management of chronic asthma, which following medication requires therapeutic drug monitoring?

Answer 3

Theophylline

Question 4

Salbutamol, and salmeterol, used in asthma management to relax airway smooth muscle, are chemically related to what?

Answer 4

Adrenaline

Question 5

Hereditary (familial) cancers are:

A. More common than sporadic cancers

B. Caused by inherited mutations in proto-oncogenes

C. Caused by inherited mutations in genes that result in a recessive cellular phenotype

D. Caused by inherited mutations in genes that result in a dominant cellular phenotype

E. Display an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance

Answer 5

Caused by inherited mutations in genes that result in a recessive cellular phenotype.

Question 6

One of the most common types of epigenetic changes in cancer is:

Answer 6

Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes by promoter methylation.

Question 7

Which immune cell suppresses the inflammatory activity associated with sepsis?

Answer 7

Regulatory T cells

Question 8

Which investigation would be most appropriate to predict if a 56 year old woman with a 4-cm right ovarian cyst seen on transvaginal ultrasound scan has an ovarian cancer?
A. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound

B. CT of abdomen and pelvis

C. Hysteroscopy

D. Serum CA125

E. Serum CA19-9

Answer 8

Serum Ca125

Question 9

Which blood test would indicate persistence of trophoblastic disease?

Answer 9

hCG

Question 10

Lower urinary tract symptoms are classified into storage, voiding and post micturition symptoms. Which of the following is a storage symptom?

A. Frequency

B. Hesitancy

C. Incomplete emptying

D. Intermittency

E. Straining

Answer 10

Frequency

Question 11

Revise Blood Gas Results

Answer 11

Revise Blood Gas Results

Question 12

Myelitis

Answer 12

Inflammation of the spinal cord

Question 13

Classically presents with flu-like illness, neck stiffness, photophobia.

Answer 13

Meningitis

Question 14

Compression of which left-sided cranial nerve is most likely to be result in the left pupil being fixed and dilated in a patient with an intracranial haemorrhage.

Answer 14

Occulotmotor

Question 15

When auscultating the chest this sound is normally heard over the trachea and larynx and may be heard over the thorax in left-sided bronchopneumonia.

Revise chest sounds

Answer 15

Crackle

Question 16

A 19 year old man is stabbed in his upper back. He has weakness in his right leg, with loss of pain and temperature sensation in his left leg. Which type of spinal injury has he sustained?

Answer 16

Hemisection of the spinal cord.

Question 17

By what percentage can glomerular filtration rate fall before a rise in plasma creatinine is noted?

Answer 17

50%

Question 18

Temporality

Answer 18

Temporality is a foundational concept for causal analysis because causal relationships unfold over time – and become observable only after a certain lapse of time. Moreover, time can be considered as an objective empirical dimension along which information can be gathered and observations made.

Question 19

Which cell types blocks CD8+ T cells recruitment and proliferation?

Answer 19

TReg (regulatory T cells).

Question 20

Norovirus belongs to which of the following families of virus?

Answer 20

Caliciviridae

Question 21

KRAS oncogenic mutations can be best mapped to which of the following hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 21

Sustaining proliferative signalling.

Question 22

APC gene is what type of gene?

Answer 22

Tumour supressor

Question 23

Immunotherapy based on inhibition of immune checkpoint receptors aims to induce:

Answer 23

Reactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 24

Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is considered to be a pre-neoplastic gastric lesion that can be triggered by chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Which cytokine is key in Helicobacter pylori infection-induced GIM?

Answer 24

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)

Question 25

The human papilloma virus causes cervical and some types of head and neck cancers. The virus is oncogenic because:

Answer 25

The virus inactivates the p53 and RB proteins to promote cell cycle progression as part of the viral life cycle.

Question 26

Which is the most likely cause of a urinary tract infection in a 40 year old woman with dysuria, urinary frequency and non-visible haematuria?

Answer 26

E.coli (Revise which UTI bacteria are common in which situations).

Question 27

Which zone / area does adenocarcinoma of the prostate most predominantly effect?

Answer 27

Peripheral zone

Question 28

Which organism converts glycogen to lactic acid within the vagina?

Answer 28

Lactobacilli

Question 29

The most common pathogen associated with community acquired pneumonia is

Answer 29

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 30

Which area of the brain stem is likely to have been damaged if a 58 year-old patient has great difficulty with forced expiration both at rest and during exercise?

Answer 30

Ventral medullary group

Question 31

the maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle is:

Answer 31

Vital capacity

Question 32

Charcot Marie Tooth disease is:

Answer 32

A progressive disease involving the loss of motor nerves to the feet and legs, and sensory nerves to the hands and feet.

Question 33

Guillain-Barré syndrome:

Answer 33

Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder, where the immune cells attack the myelin sheath produced by Schwann cells that covers the peripheral nerves. The result is a progressive loss of nerve impulse conduction, which causes loss of sensation and muscle paralysis in the limbs, and can eventually lead to respiratory failure. Typically, individuals slowly recover over several months, as there’s regrowth of the myelin on peripheral nerves.

Question 34

What is the major complication in Guillain Barre syndrome?

Answer 34

Can affect the peripheral nerves that supply the muscles of respiration.

Question 35

AChR (Acetyl Choline Receptor) antibodies act at the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis by:

Answer 35

Blocking the binding of acetyl choline to the receptor.

Question 36

In obstructive jaundice, reduction of which faecal substance results in pale stools?

Answer 36

Stercobilin

Question 37

What blood gas change would lead to central chemoreceptors being stimulated in COPD? ``` A decrease in arterial pH A decrease in arterial PO2 A decrease in venous PO2 An increase in arterial PCO2 An increase in venous PCO2 ```

Answer 37

An increase in venous CO2

Question 38

The best used method to investigate if H. pylori has been eradicated as a result of antibiotic therapy?

Answer 38

Urea breath test