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A-Level Physics OCR > Formulae > Flashcards

Formulae Flashcards

1
Q

acceleration due to gravity

A

9.81 m s-2

on formula sheet

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2
Q

elementary charge

A

1.60 * 10^-19 C

on formula sheet

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3
Q

speed of light in a vacuum

A

3.00 * 10^8 m s-1

on formula sheet

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4
Q

Planck’s constant

A

6.63 * 10^-34 J s

on formula sheet

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5
Q

Avogadro’s constant

A

6.02 * 10^23 mol-1

on formula sheet

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6
Q

molar gas constant

A

8.31 J mol-1 K-1

on formula sheet

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7
Q

Boltzmann constant

A

1.38 * 10^-23 J K-1

on formula sheet

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8
Q

gravitational constant

A

6.67 * 10^-11 N m2 kg-2

on formula sheet

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9
Q

permittivity of free space

A

8.85 * 10^-12 C2 N-1 m-2 (F m-1)

on formula sheet

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10
Q

electron rest mass

A

9.11 * 10^-31 kg

on formula sheet

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11
Q

proton rest mass

A

1.673 * 10^-27 kg

on formula sheet

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12
Q

neutron rest mass

A

1.675 * 10^-27 kg

on formula sheet

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13
Q

alpha particle rest mass

A

6.646 * 10^-27 kg

on formula sheet

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14
Q

Stefan constant

A

5.67 * 10^-8 W m-2 K-4

on formula sheet

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15
Q

up quark charge

A

+2/3e

on formula sheet

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16
Q

down quark charge

A

-1/3e

on formula sheet

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17
Q

strange quark charge

A

-1/3e

on formula sheet

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18
Q

unified atomic mass unit to kg

A

1 u = 1.661 * 10^-27 kg

on formula sheet

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19
Q

electronvolt to J

A

1 eV = 1.60 * 10^-19 J

on formula sheet

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20
Q

day to s

A

1 day = 8.64 * 10^4 s

on formula sheet

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21
Q

year to s

A

1 year ≈ 3.16 * 10^7 s

on formula sheet

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22
Q

light year to m

A

1 light year ≈ 9.5 * 10^15 m

on formula sheet

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23
Q

parsec to m

A

1 parsec ≈ 3.1 * 10^16 m

on formula sheet

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24
Q

arc length

A

r𝜃

on formula sheet

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25
Q

circumference of a circle

A

2πr

on formula sheet

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26
Q

area of a circle

A

πr^2

on formula sheet

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27
Q

curved surface area of a cylinder

A

2πrh

on formula sheet

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28
Q

surface area of a sphere

A

4πr^2

on formula sheet

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29
Q

area of a trapezium

A

1/2(a + b)h

on formula sheet

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30
Q

volume of a cylinder

A

πr^2h

on formula sheet

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31
Q

volume of a sphere

A

4/3πr^3

on formula sheet

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32
Q

Pythagoras’ theorem

A

a^2 = b^2 + c^2

on formula sheet

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33
Q

cosine rule

A

a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2cos(A)

on formula sheet

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34
Q

sine rule

A

a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C)

on formula sheet

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35
Q

logarithms multiplication rule

A

log(AB) = log(A) + log(B)

on formula sheet

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36
Q

logarithms division rule

A

log(A/B) = log(A) - log(B)

on formula sheet

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37
Q

logarithms powers rule

A

log(x^n) = n*log(x)

on formula sheet

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38
Q

vectors trigonometry

A

Fx = Fcos(𝜃)
Fy = Fsin(𝜃)
on formula sheet

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39
Q

suvat equations

A 
v = u + a*t
s = 1/2*(u + v)*t
s = u*t + 1/2 *a*t^2
v^2 = u^2 + 2*a*s
s = displacement (m)
u = initial velocity (m s-1)
v = final velocity (m s-1)
a = acceleration (m s-2)
t = time (s)
on formula sheet
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40
Q

force (using momentum)

A 
F = Δp/Δt
F = force (N)
Δp = change in momentum (kg m s-1)
Δt = change in time
on formula sheet
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41
Q

force (using acceleration)

A 
F = m*a
F = force (N)
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m s-2)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
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42
Q

momentum (using mass)

A 
p = m*v
p = momentum (kg m s-1)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m s-1) 
on formula sheet
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43
Q

moment

A

moment = F*x
F = force (N)
x = perpendicular distance from pivot (m)
on formula sheet

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44
Q

torque

A

torque = F*d
F = force (N)
d = distance between forces across the pivot (m)
on formula sheet

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45
Q

density

A 
ρ = m/V
ρ = density (kg m-3)
m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3)
on formula sheet
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46
Q

pressure (using force)

A 
p = F/A
p = pressure (N m-2)
F = force (N)
A = area (m2)
on formula sheet
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47
Q

pressure (using fluid density)

A 
p = h*ρ*g
p = pressure (N m-2)
h = depth (m)
ρ = fluid density (kg m-3)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m s-2) 
on formula sheet
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48
Q

work (using an angle)

A 
W = F*x*cos(𝜃)
W = work (J)
F = force (N)
x = displacement (m)
𝜃 = angle between the force and the direction of motion (°)
on formula sheet
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49
Q

efficiency

A

efficiency = (useful energy output)/(total energy input) * 100%
on formula sheet

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50
Q

power (using work done)

A 
P = W/t
P = power (W)
W = work done (J)
t = time (s)
on formula sheet
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51
Q

power (using force and velocity)

A 
P = F*v
P = power (W)
F = force (N)
v = velocity (m s-1)
on formula sheet
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52
Q

Hooke’s law

A 
F = k*x
F = force (N)
k = force constant (N m-1)
x = extension (m)
on formula sheet (not labelled)
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53
Q

energy (using force and extension)

A 
E = 1/2*F*x
E = elastic potential energy (J)
F = force (N)
x = extension (m)
on formula sheet
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54
Q

energy (using the force constant)

A 
E = 1/2*k*x^2
E = elastic potential energy (J)
k = force constant (N m-1)
x = extension (m)
on formula sheet
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55
Q

stress

A 
σ = F/A
σ = stress (N m-2)
F = force (N)
A = area (m2)
on formula sheet (not labelled)
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56
Q

strain

A 
ε = x/L
ε = strain (no units)
x = extension (m)
L = original length (m)
on formula sheet (not labelled)
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57
Q

Young’s modulus (using stress and strain)

A 
E = σ/ε
E = Young's modulus (N m-2)
σ = stress (N m-2)
ε = strain (no units) 
on formula sheet (not labelled)
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58
Q

Young’s modulus (using force and extension)

A 
E = (F*L)/(A*x)
E = Young's modulus (N m-2)
F = force (N)
L = original length (m)
A = area (m2)
x = extension (m)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET but easy to find from information you are given
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59
Q

charge

A 
ΔQ = I*Δ*t
ΔQ = change in charge (C)
I = current (A)
Δt = chage in time (s)
on formula sheet
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60
Q

current (using cross-sectional area)

A

I = Ane*v
I = current (A)
A = cross-sectional area of wire (m2)
n = number of electrons per unit volume (m-3)
e = charge of an electron (1.602 * 10^-19 C)
v = mean drift velocity of the electrons (m s-1)
on formula sheet

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61
Q

work done (using potential difference and charge)

A 
W = V*Q
W = work done (J)
V = potential difference (V)
Q = charge (C)
on formula sheet
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62
Q

work done (using e.m.f and charge)

A 
W = ε*Q
W = work done (J)
ε = e.m.f (V)
Q = charge (C)
on formula sheet
63
Q

work done (using potential difference, current and time)

A 
W = V*I*t
W = work done (J)
V = potential difference (V)
I = current (A)
t = time (s)
on formula sheet
64
Q

resistors in series

A

R = R1 + R2 +…
R = total resistance (Ω)
Rn = resistance of component n (Ω)
on formula sheet (not labelled as ‘in series’)

65
Q

resistors in parallel

A

1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +…
R = total resistance (Ω)
Rn = resistance of component n (Ω)
on formula sheet (not labelled as ‘in parallel’)

66
Q

resistance (using resistivity)

A 
R = (ρ*L)/A
R = resistance (Ω)
ρ = resistivity (Ω m)
L = length of wire (m)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
on formula sheet
67
Q

power (using potential difference and current)

A 
P = V*I
P = power (W)
V = potential difference (V)
I = current (A)
on formula sheet
68
Q

power (using current and resistance)

A 
P = I^2 * R
P = power (W)
I = current (A)
R = resistance (Ω)
on formula sheet
69
Q

power (using potential difference and resistance)

A 
P = V^2 / R
P = power (W)
V = potential difference (V)
R = resistance (Ω)
on formula sheet
70
Q

e.m.f (using Resistance)

A 
ε = I*(R+r)
ε = e.m.f (V)
I = current (A)
R = external resistance (Ω)
r = internal resistance (Ω)
on formula sheet
71
Q

e.m.f (using potential difference)

A 
ε = V + I*r
ε = e.m.f (V)
V = potential difference (V)
I = current (A)
r = internal resistance (Ω)
on formula sheet
72
Q

potential divider formula (using Vin and Vout)

A

Vout = (R2/(R1 + R2))*Vin
Vout = potential difference measured across R2 (V)
R1 = resistance of component 1 (Ω)
R2 = resistance of component 2 (Ω)
Vin = potential difference across R1 and R2 (V)
on formula sheet

73
Q

potential divider formula (using V1 and V2)

A 
V1/V2 = R1/R2
V1 = potential difference across R1 (V)
V2 = potential difference across R2 (V) 
R1 = resistance of componenet 1 (Ω)
R2 = resistance of componenet 2 (Ω)
on formula sheet
74
Q

current (using potential difference and resistance)

A 
I = V/R
I = current (A)
V = potential difference (V)
R = resistance (Ω)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
75
Q

potential difference (using current and resistance)

A 
V = IR
V = potential difference (V)
I = current (A)
R = resistance (Ω)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
76
Q

resistance (using potential difference and current)

A 
R = V/I
R = resistance (Ω)
V = potential difference (V)
I = current (A)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
77
Q

wave velocity

A 
v = f*λ
v = wave velocity (m s-1)
f = frequency (Hz)
λ = wavelength (m)
on formula sheet
78
Q

frequency

A

f = 1/T
f = frequency (Hz)
T = time period (s)
on formula sheet

79
Q

Intensity

A 
I = P/A
I = intensity (W m-2)
P = power (W)
A = area (m2)
on formula sheet
80
Q

wavelength (using double slit experiment)

A 
λ = (a*x)/D
λ = wavelength (m)
a = slit separation (m)
x = fringe separation (m)
D = distance between the slits and the screen (m)
on formula sheet
81
Q

wavelength (using diffraction grating)

A 
n*λ = d*sin(𝜃)
n = order of the maximum (no unit)
λ = wavelength (m)
d = slit separation (m)
𝜃 = angle between normal to the grating and the beam of light (°) 
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
82
Q

refraction (using the speed of light)

A 
n = c/v
n = refravtive index (no units)
c = speed of light in a vacuum (3.00 * 10^8 m s-1)
v = speed of light in material (m s-1)
on formula sheet
83
Q

refraction (using a constant)

A 
n*sin(𝜃) = constant 
n = refravtive index (no units)
𝜃 = angle between normal to the material and the beam of light (°)
constant = n2*sin(𝜃2)
on formula sheet
84
Q

refraction (using the critical angle)

A

sin(C) = 1/n
C = critical angle, point at which total internal reflection begins (°)
n = refractive index (no units)
on formula sheet

85
Q

energy of a photon (using frequency)

A 
E = h*f
E = energy of a photon (J)
h = Planck's constant (6.626 * 10^-34 J s)
f = frequency (Hz)
on formula sheet
86
Q

energy of a photon (using wavelength)

A

E = (h*c)/λ
E = energy of a photon (J)
h = Planck’s constant (6.626 * 10^-34 J s)
c = speed of light in a vacuum (3.00 * 10^8 m s-1)
λ = wavelength (m)
on formula sheet

87
Q

wavelength (using Planck’s constant)

A 
λ = h/p
λ = wavelength (m)
h = Planck's constant (6.626 * 10^-34 J s)
p = momentum (kg m s-1)
on formula sheet
88
Q

energy of a photon (using kinetic energy)

A 
E = h*f
h*f = Φ + KEmax
E = energy of a photon (J)
h = Planck's constant (6.626 * 10^-34 J s)
f = frequency (Hz)
Φ = work function (J)
KEmax = kinetic energy of electrons once released (J) 
on formula sheet
89
Q

force (using acceleration due to gravity)

A 
F = m*g
F = force (N)
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m s-2)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
90
Q

acceleration (using force)

A 
a = F/m
a = acceleration (m s-2)
F = force (N)
m = mass (kg)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
91
Q

mass (using acceleration)

A 
m = F/a
m = mass (kg)
F = force (N)
a = acceleration (m s-2)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
92
Q

Drag

A

Fd = 1/2ρCdAv
Fd = drag (N)
ρ = fluid density (kg m-3)
Cd = coefficient of drag (no units)
A = cross-sectional area of the moving object (m2)
v = velocity of the moving object (m s-1)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

93
Q

Kinetic energy (using velocity)

A 
KE = 1/2*m*v^2
KE = kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m s-1)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
94
Q

thinking distance

A 
thinking distance (m) = reaction time (s) * velocity of the car (m s-1)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
95
Q

relationship between braking distance and velocity

A

braking distance ∝ (velocity)^2

NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

96
Q

stopping distance

A

stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

97
Q

thermal energy

A 
E = m*c*ΔT
E = thermal energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J kg °C-1)
ΔT = change in temperature (K or °C)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
98
Q

nuclear energy

A 
E = m*c^2
E = nuclear energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
c = speed of light in a vacuum (3.00 * 10^8 m s-1)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
99
Q

weight (using acceleration due to gravity)

A 
w = m*g
w = weight (N)
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m s-2)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
100
Q

gravitational potential energy

A 
GPE = m*g*Δh
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m s-2)
Δh = change in height (m)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
101
Q

relationship between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

A 
kinetic energy (J) ↓ , gravitational potential energy (J) ↑
kinetic energy (J) ↑ , gravitational potential energy (J) ↓
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
102
Q

relationship between intensity and amplitude

A

intensity (W m-2) ∝ (amplitude (m))^2

NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

103
Q

energy (using power)

A 
E = P*t
E = energy (J)
P = power (W)
t = time (s)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
104
Q

impulse

A 
I = F*Δt
I = impulse (N s)
F = force (N)
Δt = change in time (s)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
105
Q

power (using force and distance)

A 
P = (F*d)/t
P = power (W)
F = force (N)
d = distance (m)
t = time (s)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
106
Q

work done (using force and distance)

A 
W = F*d
W = work done (J)
F = force (N)
d = distance (m)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
this is the same as W = F*d*cos(θ) but θ is 0° so cos(θ) = 1
107
Q

work done (using acceleration due to gravity)

A 
W = m*g*h
W = work done (J)
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m s-1)
h = height (m)  
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
108
Q

e.m.f (using energy transferred)

A

e.m.f (V) = energy transferred (J) / charge (C)

NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

109
Q

energy (using work done)

A

energy (J) = work done (J)

NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

110
Q

potential difference (using work done)

A 
V = W/Q
V = potential difference (V)
W = work done (J)
Q = charge (C)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET
111
Q

relationship between resistivity and temperature

A

ρT = ρ0[1 + ∝(T - T0)]
ρT = resistivity of material at temperature T (‎Ω m)
ρ0 = resistivity of material at temperature T0
∝ = the temperature coefficient
T = temperature of the material (K or °C)
T0 = reference temperature at which the resistivity of the material is quoted (K or °C)
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112
Q

percentage uncertainty from absolute uncertainty

A

percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value)*100%
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113
Q

y = a*b

% uncertainty of y from % uncertainties of a and b

A

% uncertainty of y = % uncertainty of a + % uncertainty of b

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114
Q

y = a/b

% uncertainty of y from % uncertainties of a and b

A

% uncertainty of y = % uncertainty of a + % uncertainty of b

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115
Q

y = a^n

% uncertainty of y from % uncertainty of a

A

% uncertainty of y = % uncertainty of a * n

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116
Q

percentage uncertainty from a gradient

A

percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / gradient of line of best fit)*100%
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117
Q

percentage uncertainty from a y-intercept

A

percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / ‘best’ y-intercept)*100%
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118
Q

absolute uncertainty form gradients

A

absolute uncertainty = gradient of best fit line - gradient of worst fit line
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119
Q

absolute uncertainty form y-intercepts

A

absolute uncertainty = best y-intercept - worst y-intercept

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120
Q

average speed

A 
average speed (m s-1) = distance (m) / time (s)
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121
Q

average velocity

A 
average velocity (m s-1) = total displacement (m) / time (s)
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122
Q

acceleration (using change in velocity)

A

acceleration (m s-2) = change in velocity (m s-1) / time (s)
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this can be found by rearranging v =u + a*t

123
Q

1 kilowatt-hour

A

1 kilowatt-hour = 1000 watts * 3600 seconds
1 kilowatt-hour = 3600 000 Joules
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124
Q

cost of energy

A

cost = number of kilowatt-hours * cost per kilowatt-hour

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125
Q

distance between nodes in a stationary wave

A

λ/2
λ = wavelength (m)
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126
Q

distance between anti-nodes in a stationary wave

A

λ/2
λ = wavelength (m)
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127
Q

distance between nodes and anti-nodes in a stationary wave

A

λ/4
λ = wavelength (m)
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128
Q

Kirchhoff’s first law

A

ΣIin = ΣIout
sum of currents entering a junction (A) = sum of currents exiting a junction (A)
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129
Q

Kirchhoff’s second law

A

Σε = ΣI*R
sum of the e.m.f (V) = sum of the products of current and resistance of each component in series (V)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

130
Q

maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect

A

maximum kinetic energy (J) = charge of an electron (1.602 * 10^-19 C) * stopping potential (V)
NOT ON FORMULA SHEET

131
Q

Snell’s law

A

n1 * sin(θ1) = n2 * sin(θ2)
n1 = refractive index of material 1 (no units)
θ1 = angle between normal to material 1 and the beam of light in material 1 (°)
n2 = refractive index of material 2 (no units)
θ2 = angle between normal to material 2 and the beam of light in material 2 (°)

132
Q

critical angle between two materials

A 
sin(C) = n1/n2
C = critical angle (°)
n1 = refractive index of material 1 (no units)
n2 = refractive index of material 2 (no units)
133
Q

In the suvat equations, what does s denote?

A

Displacement (m)

134
Q

In the suvat equations, what does u denote?

A

Initial Velocity (m s-1)

135
Q

In the suvat equations, what does v denote?

A

Final Velocity (m s-1)

136
Q

In the suvat equations, what does a denote?

A

Acceleration (m s-2)

137
Q

In the suvat equations, what does t denote?

A

Time (s)

138
Q

What equation would you use to find final velocity given initial velocity, acceleration and time?

A

v = u + a*t

139
Q

What equation would you use to find final velocity given initial velocity, acceleration and displacement?

A

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

140
Q

What equation would you use to find displacement given initial velocity, final velocity and time?

A

s = 1/2(u + v)t

141
Q

What equation would you use to find displacement given initial velocity, acceleration and time?

A

s = ut + 1/2a*t^2

142
Q

Rearrange v = u + a*t for u

A

u = v - a*t

143
Q

Rearrange v = u + a*t for a

A

a = (v - u)/t

144
Q

Rearrange v = u + a*t for t

A

t = (v - u)/a

145
Q

Rearrange v^2 = u^2 + 2as for u^2

A

u^2 = v^2 - 2as

146
Q

Rearrange v^2 = u^2 + 2as for a

A

a = (v^2 - u^2)/(2*s)

147
Q

Rearrange v^2 = u^2 + 2as for s

A

s = (v^2 - u^2)/(2*a)

148
Q

Rearrange s = 1/2(u + v)t for u

A

u = (s/t)*2 - v

149
Q

Rearrange s = 1/2(u + v)t for v

A

v = (s/t)*2 - u

150
Q

Rearrange s = 1/2(u + v)t for t

A

t = (2*s)/(u + v)

151
Q

Rearrange s = ut + 1/2a*t^2 for u

A

u = (s - 1/2at^2)/t

152
Q

Rearrange s = ut + 1/2a*t^2 for a

A

a = 2(s - ut)/t^2

153
Q

Rearrange s = ut + 1/2a*t^2 for t

A

t = ((2as + u^2)^(1/2) - u)/a

A-Level Physics OCR (15 decks)

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