Formulas

Question 1

What is the 60:1 rule?

Answer 1

1° = 1NM @ 60NM
1° = 100' @ 1NM

Question 2

Climb Gradient

Answer 2

Gradient = altitude to lose / distance

Question 3

Pitch change for a gradient

Answer 3

Pitch change° = gradient / 100

100’/NM is 1° pitch change

Question 4

VVI

Answer 4

VVI = gradient * TAS in min
VVI = pitch° * 100 * TAS in min

Question 5

VVI for 3° & VVI for 2.5°

Answer 5

VVI 3° = GS * 5

VVI 2.5 = GS * 5 - 100

Question 6

Distance to descend

Answer 6

Distance = Alt loss in 1ks / 3

Question 7

TAS from IMN

Answer 7

TAS = IMN * 600

approximation

Question 8

TAS from IAS

Answer 8

TAS = IAS + FL/2
TAS = IAS + 5kt / 1000’
above are same answer

TAS = IAS + 2% per 1000’
best formula

Question 9

Density Altitude Variation from Temperature

Answer 9

Density Alt = Pressure Alt +/- 1000’ per 15°F or 8°C
OR
120’ per 1°C

Question 10

NM/Min from TAS or IMN

Answer 10

NM/MIN = TAS/60
NM/MIN = IMN * 10

Question 11

Pitch change from wind

Answer 11

60kts wind is approximately 1° pitch change

Question 12

Turn Radius (TR) at 30° Bank

Answer 12

TR = NM/MIN -2
TR = (NM/MIN)^2 / 10
TR = IMN * 10 - 2
TR = IMN^2 * 10

Question 13

Turn Radius (TR) of Standard Rate Turn (SRT)

Answer 13

TR of SRT = 0.5% of TAS

Question 14

Standard Rate Turn (SRT) bank°

1/2 SRT bank°

Answer 14

SRT Bank = TAS / 10 + 7
SRT Bank = 15% of TAS
1/2 SRT = TAS / 20 + 7

Question 15

90° Lead point for DME Arc

Answer 15

DME Lead = Arc radius +/- Turn Radius

Radial Lead = 60*TR/Arc Radius

Question 16

Multipliers for other than 90° turns for arcs

Answer 16

30° = 1/6
45° = 1/3
60° = 1/2
90° = 1
120° = 1 1/2
135° = 1 2/3
150° = 1 5/6
180° = 2

Question 17

Bank° to maintain DME arc

Answer 17

Bank° = 30*TR/Arc radius

Use IMN^2 * 10 for best results

Question 18

Teardrop offset with 30° bank

Answer 18

Offset = 120*TR/outbound distance

Question 19

Teardrop outbound distance

Answer 19

Distance = 120*TR/offset

Question 20

Teardrop Bank° when unable 30°

Answer 20

Bank° = 60*TR/distance between radials

Question 21

Distance between radials

Answer 21

Distance = Degrees * NM / 60

Question 22

Holding Altitudes, Airspeeds and Leg Times

Answer 22

0-6,000 200 KIAS 1 min
6,001-14,000 230 KIAS 1 min
14,001+ 265 KIAS 1.5 min

Question 23

Outbound holding time correction

Answer 23

1+00: outbound = 3600/inbound

1+30: outbound = 8100/inbound

Question 24

Drift° from TAS, IMN and portion of max drift

Answer 24

Drift° = x-wind/TAS in min
Drift° = x-wind * 10 / IMN out of 100

Use seconds on clock to calculate portion of max, 20° = 1/3, 30° = 1/2, 60° = 1

Question 25

Time to turn 180° at 30° bank

Answer 25

180° in minutes at 30° bank = 0.5% of TAS

Question 26

Double Drift Holding Procedure

Answer 26

Bank angle into wind = 30° - drift° Other turn = 30° bank inbound leg = course +/- drift outbound leg = course +/- 2 * drift

Question 27

Triple Drift Holding Procedure

Answer 27

Both turns = 30° bank inbound leg = course +/- drift outbound leg = course +/- 3 * drift

Question 28

Procedure turn distance for 45/180 and 80/260

Answer 28

``` 45/180 = 3 * TR + 2 80/260 = 3 * TR ```

Question 29

Course Intercept heading

Answer 29

(Radial on - Desired Radial) * 2 no less than 20 no more than 90

Question 30

VDP Calculations

Answer 30

VDP in NM = HAT/gradient (normally 300) VDP in sec from runway = HAT / 10 sec/mi = time from box/nm from FAF to MAP sec/mi = 3600/TAS VDP Time = sec/mi * FAF-VDP distance

Question 31

Timing for correct circling distance

Answer 31

These times generate a 2*TR distance from runway To correct TAS, add Headwind and subtract tailwind 90° time = 10% corrected TAS 30° time = 10% corrected TAS * 4 45° = travel 2*TR down runway

Question 32

Time and Distance from station

Answer 32

Time from station = seconds/bearing change | Distance from station = TAS*min/bearing change

Question 33

Speed of sound formula and temperature approximation

Answer 33

39*SQRT(Temp°C + 273) Varies 1.2 Kts per 1°C

Question 34

Hydroplaning Formulas

Answer 34

``` Takeoff = 8.6*SQRT(tire pressure) Landing = 7.7*SQRT(tire pressure) ``` online approximations are 9*sqrt(tire pressure)

Question 35

Specific Range, Endurance and Fuel Consumption

Answer 35

Specific Range = Distance/Fuel OR Speed/Fuel Flow Specific Endurance = Flight Hours/Fuel OR 1 / Fuel Flow Specific Fuel Consumption = Fuel Flow/Thrust

Question 36

ATC Light Gun Signals on the Ground

Answer 36

Steady Green = Cleared for Takeoff Flashing Green = Cleared to Taxi Steady Red = Stop Flashing Red = Taxi clear of runway Flashing White = Return to Starting Point Alternating Red and Green = Exercise Extreme Caution

Question 37

ATC Light Gun Signals in the Air

Answer 37

Steady Green = Cleared to Land Flashing Green = Return for Landing Steady Red = Give Way and Continue Circling Flashing Red = Airport Unsafe, do not land Flashing White = N/A Alternating Red and Green = Exercise Extreme Caution

Question 38

Approach Categories and Old Standard Circling Minimums

Answer 38

``` Cat A 0-90 1.3 Cat B 91-120 1.5 Cat C 121-140 1.7 Cat D 141-165 2.3 Cat E 166+ 4.5 ```

Question 39

New Circling Minimum for Cat C

Answer 39

``` MDA < 1000 2.7 1001-3000 2.8 3001-5000 2.9 5001-7000 3.0 7001-9000 3.2 9001+ 3.3 ```

Question 40

Fuel Minimums

Answer 40

Domestic: Destination + Furthest Alternate + 45 min Flag: Destination + Furthest Alternate + 30 + (Destination + Alt * 10% or 90 min, whichever is less)

Question 41

Destination WX Alternate requirements

Answer 41

Domestic: +/- 1 hour, 2000, 3 miles vis | Flag +/- 1 hour, MDA + 1500 or 2000 (greater), vis+2 or 3 (greater); always if over 6 hours

Question 42

Standard Takeoff Mins

Answer 42

1 or 2 engine = 1 mile | 3 or 4 engine = 1/2 mile

Question 43

Takeoff/Landing Performance as a result of Weight, Density Alt, Temperature, Wind, and Humidity

Answer 43

``` 10% weight = 20% T/O, 10% LND 1000' density = 10% T/O, 4% LND 10°C = 10% T/O, 5% LND 10% wind of Vref/Vr = 20% distance High Humidity = 10% T/O ```

Question 44

True Altitude from temperature

Answer 44

Hot to cold look out below 4'/1000'/1°C subtract cold; add hot

Question 45

Radar Tilt

Answer 45

Distance * Tilt° * 100 = relative height of storm