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Court of Master Sommeliers - Certified > Fortified Wines > Flashcards

Fortified Wines Flashcards

1
Q

How many methods of fortification is there in fortified wines? And what are they

A

3

  1. Port - the wines fermination may be arrested through the addition of spirit while sugars remain
  2. Sherry - the wines may be fortified after Fermentation has concluded. It produces a fortified wine, although the winemaker may restore sweetness by the addition of sweetened wine or grape syrup
  3. A mistelle is produced, a grape is fortified prior to Fermentation, this produces a mistelle rather than a fortified wine
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2
Q

What is Vins de Liqueur

A

French for Liqueur wines

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3
Q

Ratafia - Champagne

Pineau des Charentes - Cognac

Floc de Gascogne - Armagnac

Marvin du Jura - Jura

All of these are growing regions in France associate with what style?

A

Vins de liqueur

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4
Q

This famous fortified wine is from Portugals Douro Valley

A

Port

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5
Q

What is the Douro Port Wine institute or Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto (IVDP)

A

It’s a regulatory body that oversees and enforces the laws in regards to Port production

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6
Q

A decree restricting sales of Port to 1/3 of a house’s total inventory is called

A

Lei do tergo (law of the third)

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7
Q

What is beneficio authorization?

A

The maximum amount of wine that may be fortified in a given year based on a matrix of 12 factors

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8
Q

How does the IVDP matrix of twelve factors work?

A
  • Each factor has a minimum and maximum point associated with it and there are a total of 2,361 points available
  • Vineyards that score over 1,200 points get A Grade
  • Vineyards that score between 1,001 and 1,200 points get a B grade
  • and so on to F grade
  • 7 soil and climate factors are scored:
    Location, altitude, exposure, bedrock, rough matter, slope, and shelter
  • 5 factors relate to the one itself: type of vine, planting density, yield, training system, and vine age
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9
Q

Main red grapes in Duero?

A
  • Touriga Nacional
  • Francesca
  • Tinta Roiz
  • Tinta Cão
  • Tinta Barroca
  • Tinta Amarela
  • Tinto Francisca
  • Bastardo
  • Moutisco Tinto
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10
Q

What is the minimum percentage of red grapes that can be in a Porto blend?

A

60%

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11
Q

Main white grapes of Porto?

A
  • Gouveio
  • Malvasia Fina
  • Viosinho
  • Rabigato
  • Eagana Cão
  • Folgasão
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12
Q

How are the vineyards of Porto planted?

A

Vinhos ao Alta - vertical rows leading up to the slopes

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13
Q

What are the open granite troughs called that the port grapes are fermented in?

A

Lagares

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14
Q

What is the short goal of the port wine making process?

A

To maximize extraction of color and flavor in the limited available time

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15
Q

When does beneficio take place in the port process?

A

It occurs when 1/3 of the sugar content has been inverted to alcohol

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16
Q

What is alcohol percentage port is fortified at?

A

19-22%

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17
Q

What is the name of the addition in port that gives it, its high alcohol volume?

A

Aguardente - burning water - a 77% abv neutral grape spirit

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18
Q

What is the French term for beneficio?

A

Mutage

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19
Q

What does the process of beneficio do for the port wine?

A

Halts Fermentation

Kills yeast

Preserves sweetness in the Port

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20
Q

What is the ratio for aguardente being added

A

1:4 ratio

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21
Q

What is the name of the traditional barrel used to age and ship Port wines?

A

Pipe

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22
Q

What is the pipe size used in the Douro Valley?

A

550L

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23
Q

What is the pipe size used in the In Vila Nova de Gaia

A

620L

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24
Q

What is the standard size used to ship Port?

A

534.24L

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25
Q

What are the two styles of port?

A

Ruby and Tawny

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26
Q

Which port is described as:

Darker Color

Youthful fruit

Spice Tones

More aggressive, fiery Character

A

Ruby Port

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27
Q

What port is being described:

  • Cask aged
  • more complex
  • mature tones of toffee
  • dried fruit
  • toasted nuts
  • develops lighter, amber tones of color with age
A

Tawny Port

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28
Q

How long is ruby port aged?

A

2 - 3 years prior to bottling

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29
Q

How is Ruby Port aged?

A

In bulk mostly in wood,cement or stainless steel

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30
Q

What is the most expensive style of port to purchase and why?

A

Vintage Port and makes up 1-3% of production

  • A port house will declare a vintage year only in exceptional harvest
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31
Q

True or False

A vintage port must be authorized by the IVDP

A

True and must be aged in cask before bottling by July 30 of the third year of harvest

32
Q

What is a single Quinta Vintage Port?

A

It is a ruby port that is the product of ones estate’s harvest

Note:
This happens when a port house cannot confidently declare a vintage, it may nonetheless showcase the fruit of one of its better estates as a vintage wine

In a vintage year, such an esteemed estate would usually provide the backbone of a shippers Vintage Port

33
Q

How long does a Late Bottled Vintage (LBV) Port spend in a cask before bottling?

A

4-6 years

34
Q

True or False

LBV Ports are not usually the product of a single vintage?

A

False - LBV port is always the product of a single vintage

35
Q

What does Envelhecido em Garrafa mean?

A

An unfiltered LBV Port wine that has had an additional 3 years minimum of bottle aging

36
Q

What type of Tawny Port:

  • ages for at least 7 years prior to bottling
  • blended from several vintages
A

Reserve Tawny

37
Q

What type of Tawny Port:

  • will be labeled 10,20,30,40 years old
  • shows a progressively more concentrated and developed character
  • uses higher quality fruit
  • uses mature seasoned wood
A

Tawny with Indication of Age

38
Q

Does a tawny with a year label mean it has actually aged that long?

A

No the IVDP reserves the right to say a tawny taste like whatever year they deem fit.

39
Q

What is the most preferred style of tawny port?

A

20 year of age

40
Q

What is the aging requirements for a Colhieta Tawny?

A

Minimum 7 years in a cask - many stay in a cask for decades

41
Q

What is the type of system used to train the grapes used to make Madeira

A

Latadas

  • Vines suspend on low trellises, in order to combat the dangers of fungal diseases in the damp subtropical environments
42
Q

What are the 4 main grapes of Madeira from driest to sweetest?

A

Sercial ⚪️ late harvest grape, skins are removed prior to fermentation, contains 45-50 grams of residual sugar

Verdelho ⚪️late harvest grape, skins are removed prior to fermentation

Boal ⚪️early harvest grape, short Fermentation process with skins in tact

Malvasia ⚪️early harvest grape , short Fermentation process with skins in tact

43
Q

What is the name of the group who regulates harvesting and production of Madeira methods of Madeira wines?

A

IVBAM - Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira

44
Q

What is the name of the largest production company in Madeira?

A

Bongos Justino Henrique - founded in 1870

  • responsible for half of the islands exports
45
Q

What are the 3 types of companies involved with Madeira?

A
  • Production
  • Shipper -select a wine from a producer, who will then bottle the wine under the shippers brand

Example: Broadbent Selections , based out of London

  • Partidistas - store wine and sell it at maturity to other traders for a profit
46
Q

What grape is produced the most in Madeira?

A

Tinta Nega (Tinta Negra Mole) - makes up 85% of its production

47
Q

What are the name of the two modern heating methods that lend Madeira its distinctive character?

A

Estufagem

Canteiro

48
Q

What is a Estufa?

A

A stainless steel vat that warms the wine by circulating hot water through serpentine coils inside the tanks

  • this is usually done at temperatures of 45-50 degree C (113-122 degree F)
49
Q

How long does the wine stay in the Estufa?

A

3 months

50
Q

What is estágio

A

The 90 day testing period in the Estufagem process.

Wine will rest for 90 days before being transferred to cask for aging

51
Q

How many years does a wine have to wait to be released after the Estufagem process

A

2 years

52
Q

What are Aramazens de Calor?

A

The place where the more delicate variations of Estufagem are stored

  • rooms are warmed by nearby tanks or steam pipes rather than direct heat
53
Q

In the Canteiro method how are the wines aged?

A

Cask aged for at least two years in lodge attics

54
Q

What is the minimum a bottle can be aged using the Canteiro process to make Madeira?

A

Minimum 3 years

55
Q

What is the maximum time a wine can age in the Canteiro process?

A

Vinhos de Canteiro remain in the cask for 20 years or more

56
Q

Andalucía, a village off the southern coast of Spain produces what famous fortified wine?

A

Sherry

57
Q

What is the name of the wine region that sherry is produced at?

A

Jerez

58
Q

What is the hottest region in Spain?

A

Jerez

59
Q

What is the name of the river located northwest of Jerez?

A

Guadalquivie River

60
Q

What are the 3 main towns that center around Sherry production

A
  • Jerez de la Frontera
  • El Puerto de Santa Maria
  • Sanlúcar de Barrameda

DO laws requires that sherry be matured in and shipped from one of these 3 municipalities

61
Q

What are the two DO zones that produce Sherry?

A
  • Jerez - Xérès - Sherry

- Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda

62
Q

What is lavante?

A

A howling wind , that blows from the east in Jerez and essentially cooks the grapes on the vine during ripening

63
Q

What is the name of the humid Atlantic Winds that alternate with Levante?

A

Poniente

64
Q

What’s is flor and how is it produced?

A
  • a film forming yeast necessary in the maturation of Sherry
  • it’s is created by the alternation of the winds the lavante and Poniente
65
Q

What are the 3 soils of Sherry?

A
  • Albariza
  • Barros
  • Arenas
66
Q

What is the best soil for Sherry?

A

Albariza - a chalky, porous, Limestone rich Soil of brilliant white color

67
Q

80% of the sherry appellation Vines are located

A

Slopes of the Jerez Superior, in the areas of Jerez de la Frontera, Macharnudo, Añina, and Carrascal

68
Q

What is the largest Pago in Sherry?

A

Macharnudo @ 2,000 acres

69
Q

What is barro soil and where most prominent at in Sherry?

A

Has a higher proportion of clay and is located in the low lying valleys

70
Q

What are arenas soil and where are they located

A

Sand based soil, located mostly near the coast

71
Q

What are the 3 main grapes for production to make Sherry?

A

Palomino (Listán) ⚪️

Pedro Ximènez (PX) ⚪️

Moscatel (Muscat of Alexandria) ⚪️

72
Q

What grape is produced the most in Sherry?

A

Palomino @ 95% of the vineyards average grow this

73
Q

The sweet juice that is produced from Pedro Ximènez grapes that is added to Sherry is called?

A

Vino dulce

74
Q

What is another name for Moscatel?

A

Muscat of Alexandria

75
Q

The Must of Moscatel grapes is cooked for more than a day, intensely darkening the color to produce what?

A

Vino de Color in Sherry

76
Q

What is the name of the system used to fortify Sherry?

A

Solera

77
Q

The youngest layer in the solera system is called?

A

Criadera

Court of Master Sommeliers - Certified (50 decks)

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