Foundation

Question 1

Who is Florence Nightingale

Answer 1

Lady with the lamp”
Reformation of nursing from occupation to profession
Described nursing as art and science
First nursing theorist
Environmental theory (hygiene, sanitation)
Established first nursing school:
Admission competition
formal education + practical experience
record keeping on student’s progress
registry of all graduates/beginning of accountability for standards of care
Promoted new standards of nursing
“Nightingale Plan” became a model for nursing education

Question 2

Laws and regulations

Answer 2

Licensing of Nursing 
1914 licensing of LPNs begun in Mississippi
 Licensing laws
Protect the public from unqualified 
practitioners by ensuring minimal 
qualifications are met
Managed by state agencies such as the state 
board of nursing
National Council Licensure Examination 
for Practical Nurses (NCLEX-PN)
Exam successfully completed awards licensure for 
the state
 8

Question 3

Nursing program credential

Answer 3

Approved nursing program- satisfies the minimum
standards set by state board of nursing
Length 12-18 months (includes practicum)
Accreditation- higher standard set by Accrediting Bureau of
Health Education Schools (ABHES) or National League for
Nursing Commission for Nursing Education Accreditation (NLN
CNEA)
To be licensed as LPN: student must complete a state-
approved nursing program, which includes a minimum of 400
hours of direct client care across the lifespan and must sit and
pass the NCLEX-PN exam—the required state-test to show
proficiency.
In order to receive state licensure, the applicant must submit
an application to the Virginia Board of Nursing after completing
NCLEX-PN
14

Question 4

Health Care Delivery system

Answer 4

is a complete network of agencies, facilities, and providers
involved within a specified geographic area

Goal to achieve optimal levels of health
care for a defined population through
appropriate services

Holistic care – a system of
comprehensive patient care including
physical, emotional, social, economic, and
spiritual needs. Requires the professionals
from different areas to come together to
provide comprehensive care

Question 5

Primary health care

Answer 5

emphasizes health promotion and includes prenatal and well-
baby care, family planning, nutrition counseling, and disease control. This level of
care is a sustained partnership between clients and providers.

Examples include:
office or clinic visits, community health centers, and scheduled school- or work-
centered screenings (vision, hearing, obesity)

Question 6

Secondary health care

Answer 6

includes the diagnosis and treatment of acute illness and

injury. Examples include care in hospital settings (inpatient and emergency
departments) , diagnostic centers, and urgent and emergent care centers.

Question 7

Tertiary health care

Answer 7

or acute care, involves the provision of specialized and highly
technical care. Examples include intensive care, oncology centers, and burn centers

Question 8

Restorative health care

Answer 8

involves intermediate follow-up care for restoring health
and promoting self-care. Examples include home health care, rehabilitation centers,
and skilled nursing facilities.

Question 9

Continuing health care

Answer 9

addresses long-term or chronic health care needs over a
period of time.

Examples include end-of-life care, palliative care, hospice, adult day
care, assisted living, and in-home respite care.

Question 10

Wellness-Illness Continuum

Answer 10

Wellness:
dynamic state of 
health in which 
individual is 
progressing toward a 
higher level of 
function, highest level 
of optimal health

Illness:
abnormal process in 
which aspects of 
social, emotional, 
cognitive or physical 
condition and function 
are diminished or 
impaired