Foundational Knowledge Part 2 (The Hard Stuff)

Question 1

A single instance of behavior.

Measurable unit of analysis in the science of behavior.

Answer 1

Response

Question 2

Larger set/class of responses that share physical dimensions or functions.

Answer 2

Behavior

Question 3

A group of behaviors that comprise an operant (have the same function).

Answer 3

Response Class

Question 4

Response-consequence relationship. Similar behaviors that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning.

Answer 4

Operant

Question 5

All the behaviors that an individual can do.

Answer 5

Repertoire

Question 6

A complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance.

All behavior occurs within this context.

Answer 6

Environment/environmental

Question 7

A collection of knowledge and skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task.

Answer 7

Repertoire

Question 8

Physical events that affect the behavior of an individual.

May be internal or external to the individual.

Is an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Answer 8

Stimuli

Question 9

A stimulus event may occur prior to, during, or after a behavior

Answer 9

Temporal locus of stimuli

Question 10

Proprioceptive
Interoceptive
Exteroceptive

Answer 10

3 Types od Nervous Systems (that are affected by STIMULI)

Question 11

5 Senses: Hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting.

Answer 11

Exteroceptive

Question 12

A group of antecedent stimuli that has a common effect on an operant class.

Group members of a this class tend to evoke or abate the same behavior or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions.

Answer 12

Stimulus Class

Question 13

Stimulation from ORGANS; related to INTERNAL EVENTS

Example: headache, hunger pains

Answer 13

Interoceptive

Question 14

Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc., necessary for posture, balance, and movement (related to internal events).

Example: After getting off a rollercoaster, you feel dizzy

Answer 14

Proprioceptive

Question 15

3 types of stimulus classes

Hint: four times fun (FTF)

Answer 15

Formal

Temporal

Functional

Question 16

Physical features of stimuli (topography).

Example: Size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial positions relative to other objects (PREPOSITIONS, such as, on top of the table, or to the left of the table).

Answer 16

Formal

Question 17

Stimulus changes are understood best through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior.

The effect of a stimulus on the behavior.

There can be multiple functions of a single stimulus.

Answer 17

Functional

Question 18

Refers to time.

Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to (antecedents) the behavior of interest and stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest ( consequences).

Answer 18

Temporal

Question 19

Stimuli compromising this class evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship.

LIMITED number of stimuli.

Developed through stimulus equivalence.

Ex: 50%, half, .5. Or Apple, banana, orange

Answer 19

Arbitrary Stimulus Class

Question 20

Stimuli in this class can share: common topographies, common relative relations (spatial arrangements), INFINITE number of stimuli.

Developed through stimulus generalization.

Ex. Concept of dog, house, tree, onion, bigger than, smaller than, on top of, etc.

Answer 20

Feature Stimulus Class

Question 21

Only affect FUTURE behavior.

Select response classes, NOT individual responses.

Immediate ___________ have the greatest effect.

Select any behavior ( the timing of the reinforcement or punishment matters and can hit any behavior, having its effects).

Answer 21

Consequences

Question 22

A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.

Operant conditioning occurs automatically.

Answer 22

AUTOMATICITY (Of Punishment and Reinforcement)

Question 23

Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation of others. Other people do NOT deliver the consequence.

AKA: Sensory, self stimulatory behaviors, stereotypy.

Naturally produced sensory consequences: (sounds good, looks good, tastes good, smells good, feels good to touch, or movement feels good).

Answer 23

Automatic Reinforcement

Question 24

Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Other people did not deliver the consequence.

Answer 24

Automatic Punishment

Question 25

Sam has an itch. He puts on anti-itch cream to help relieve the itching. The itching stopped. Now whenever he has an itch. He puts on anti-itch cream. Example of:

Answer 25

Negative Automatic Reinforcement

Question 26

You want to stop cursing, so you wear a rubber band and pop yourself on the wrist each time you curse. Example of:

Answer 26

Positive Automatic Punishment

Question 27

You taste some keto coconut cookies for the first time and they are Delicious. Now you bake them all the time at home. Example of:

Answer 27

Positive Automatic Reinforcement

Question 28

You want to stop cursing so much, so every time you curse, you have to put some money in a jar. In the future, you are less likely to curse because you don't want to lose any money. Example of:

Answer 28

Negative Automatic Punishment

Question 29

Does not only strengthen rate. It strengthens duration, latency, magnitude, and topography. A response becomes more frequent in the future if a reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed it within 0-60 seconds in the past. The IMMEDIACY of the reinforcer is CRITICAL (Temporal Relation): A response-to-reinforcement delay of 1-second will be less effective than 0-second delay. What happens right before reinforcement will be what is reinforced. Delayed consequences are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence behavior.

Answer 29

Important information About Reinforcement

Question 30

Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant. Changes what comes after behavior (consequences) and what comes before (antecedents). Creates stimulus control, making responding in the presence of the Sd more likely (and in the presence of the S🔺️) When the Sd is added, the 2 term Contingency becomes the 3 term Contingency of the DISCRIMINATED OPERANT.

Answer 30

What reinforcement does

Question 31

When the rate of responding to a stimulus in one setting changed when the condition of reinforcement in other setting gets modified.

Answer 31

Behavior Contrast

Question 32

Type 1 Reinforcement Sr+

Answer 32

Positive Reinforcement

Question 33

A phenomenon in which a behavior INCREASES for a potentially MORE FAVORABLE reinforcer AFTER being exposed to a reinforcer that has become LESS FAVORABLE.

Answer 33

Positive Behavior Contrast

Question 34

The most important and widely used concept in ABA.

Answer 34

Positive Reinforcement

Question 35

A phenomenon in which a behavior DECREASES for a LESS FAVORABLE reinforcer AFTER being exposed to a reinforcer that is clearly MORE FAVORABLE.

Answer 35

Negative Behavior Contrast

Question 36

A process that occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

Answer 36

Positive Reinforcement

Question 37

5 Types of Postive Reinforcers (EATSS)

Answer 37

1. E-Edible 2. A-Activity 3. T-Tangible 4. S-Social 5. S-Sensory

Question 38

A process that occurs when a behavior us followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

Answer 38

Negative Reinforcement

Question 39

A response that stops an ongoing aversive stimulus. A person is escaping the unpleasant situation.

Answer 39

Escape

Question 40

Type 2 Reinforcement Sr-

Answer 40

Negative Reinforcement

Question 41

A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 41

Avoidance

Question 42

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. Think Sd, warning or signal that a specific reinforcement is available.

Answer 42

Discriminated Avoidance

Question 43

____________ is more common than escape.

Answer 43

Avoidance

Question 44

Escape and Avoidance are two types of:

Answer 44

Negative Reinforcement

Question 45

Two types of avoidance are:

Answer 45

Discriminated Avoidance & Free-Operant Avoidance

Question 46

NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus. The avoidance behavior is FREE to occur at any time.

Answer 46

Free-Operant Avoidance