Foundations 1

Question 1

Structure of blastocyst

Answer 1

Inner cell mass

Trophoblast

Question 2

What day does implantation take place

Answer 2

~Day 6

Question 3

What does trophoblast become

Answer 3

Placenta

Question 4

What does ICM become

Answer 4

Fetus

Question 5

What does trophoblast further specialize into

Answer 5

Inner cytotrophoblast

Outer syncytiotrophoblast

Question 6

What secretes hCG

Answer 6

Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 7

What does trophoblast form after implantation

Answer 7

Chorion - grows vili that grow into endometrium and become fetal component of placenta

Question 8

What is the decidua basalis

Answer 8

Maternal component of placenta

Question 9

What happens to the inner cell mass in week 2

Answer 9

Becomes a two layer structure of epiblast and hypoblast

Question 10

What happens to epiblast in week 3?

Answer 10

Becomes a trilaminar disc w/ecto meso and endoderm

Question 11

What is weeks 3-8 called

Answer 11

Embryonic period

Question 12

What does neural crest arise from

Answer 12

Ectoderm, from neural tube

Question 13

What forms the notochord

Answer 13

At end of 3rd week w/3 layers, Some mesoderm forms a dense core called notochord

Question 14

What does notochord do

Answer 14

Induces some ectoderm above it to form neural plate

Question 15

What neural crest derivatives are found in peripheral nervous system

Answer 15

Autonomic NS (CN X, sympathetic ganglia), dorsal root ganglia, sensory nerves, schwann cells, CNs

Question 16

What neural crest derivatives are found in ear

Answer 16

Ossicles of middle ear

Question 17

What neural crest derivatives are found in eye

Answer 17

Anterior chamber (cornea, sclera, ciliary muscle, iris)

Question 18

What neural crest derivatives are found in adrenal gland

Answer 18

Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Question 19

What neural crest derivatives are found in mouth

Answer 19

Odontoblasts (development of teeth dentin)

Question 20

What neural crest derivatives are found in heart

Answer 20

Aorticopulmonary septum

Question 21

What neural crest derivatives are found in digestive system

Answer 21

Enteric nervous system, celiac ganglion, enterochromaffin cells

Question 22

What neural crest derivatives are found in thyroid

Answer 22

Parafollicular C cells

Question 23

What neural crest derivatives are found in skin?

Answer 23

Melanocytes

Question 24

What does neuroectoderm give rise to

Answer 24

Brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal clels
Optic nerve, retina
Pineal gland
Posterior pituitary

Question 25

What does surface ectoderm give rise to

Answer 25

``` Lenses of eye Olfactory epithelium Inner ear Anterior pituitary Oral epithelium Salivary glands Epidermis Sweat and mammary glands Anal canal distal to pectinate line ```

Question 26

Endodermal structures

Answer 26

``` GI tract (esophagus to pectinate line) Liver, gb, pancreas Lungs Thymus PT glands Follicular cells of thyroid Epithelium of bladder, urethra, and lower 2/3 of vagina ```

Question 27

Mesodermal structures

Answer 27

``` Bone, muscle, bone marrow, blood cells, heart, blood vessels, lymphatics Upper portion of vagina Kidneys, adrenal cortex Gonads Dermis of skin ```

Question 28

Fetal placental structure that secretes hCG

Answer 28

Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 29

Maternal component of placenta

Answer 29

Decidua basalis

Question 30

Embryologic origin of anterior pituitary

Answer 30

Surface ectoderm

Question 31

Embryologic origin of cornea

Answer 31

Neural crest

Question 32

Embryologic origin of lens

Answer 32

Surface ectoderm

Question 33

Embryologic origin of retina

Answer 33

Neuroectoderm

Question 34

Embryologic origin of olfactory epithelium

Answer 34

Surface ectoderm

Question 35

Embryologic origin of mammary, salivary, and sweat glands

Answer 35

Surface ectoderm

Question 36

What do ecto, endo, and mesoderm derive from?

Answer 36

Epiblast

Question 37

What develops in week 4 of embryogenesis

Answer 37

4 chambered heart, 4 limb buds

Question 38

What happens in week 8 of embryogenesis

Answer 38

Fetal movement

Question 39

What happens in week 10 of embryogenesis

Answer 39

Genitalia have male/female characteristics

Question 40

When is fetal cardiac activity visible in ultrasound

Answer 40

Week 6

Question 41

What are some category X drugs

Answer 41

MTX, statins, warfarin, isotretinoin, DES, thalidomide

Question 42

Which amino acids can be modified by golgi apparatus?

Answer 42

Asparagine, serine, and threonine

Question 43

Peroxisome function

Answer 43

beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids Synthesis of plasmalogens (important phospholipids found abundantly in myelin) Contain oxidases and catalase for metabolizing EtOH

Question 44

What must be present on protein in order to gain entry to nucleus

Answer 44

Nuclear localization signal

Question 45

Which cyclin-cdk complexes assist in G1--> S phase?

Answer 45

Cyclin D+CDK4 | Cyclin E + CDK2

Question 46

Which cyclin-cdk complexes assist in G2--> M phase?

Answer 46

Cyclin A+ CDK2 | Cyclin B+ CDK1

Question 47

What are the 3 methods a cell uses to break down proteins

Answer 47

1. Lysosomal degradation 2. Proteasomal degradation 3. Calcium-dependent enzymes

Question 48

What does Vimentin stain for

Answer 48

Connective tissue - Sarcomas

Question 49

What does desmin stain for

Answer 49

desMin = Muscle - myosarcoma

Question 50

What does cytokeratin stain for

Answer 50

Epithelial cells - carcinoma

Question 51

What does GFAP stain for

Answer 51

Neuroglia -> astrocytoma, glioblastoma

Question 52

What does neurofilament stain stain for

Answer 52

Neurons - neuroblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor

Question 53

What is vimentin

Answer 53

An intermediate filament

Question 54

What drugs act on microtubules?

Answer 54

``` Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxil ```