Teratogenesis, Embryogenesis

Question 1

Ace inhibitors

Answer 1

Renal malformations

Question 2

Aminoglycosides

Answer 2

CN VIII toxicity

Question 3

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 3

Cartilage damage

Question 4

Tetracyclines

Answer 4

Discolored teeth

Question 5

Cyclophosphamide

Answer 5

Ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digits

Question 6

MTX

Answer 6

NTDs, abortion

Question 7

Carbamazepine

Answer 7

NTDs

Question 8

Valproic acid

Answer 8

NTDs

Question 9

Phenytoin

Answer 9

Fetal hydantoin syndrome

Question 10

Lithium

Answer 10

Ebstein anomaly (atrialized RV)

Question 11

Statins

Answer 11

CNS and limb abnormalities

Question 12

Warfarin

Answer 12

Facial/limb/CNS anomalies, spontaneous abortion

Question 13

Isotretinoin

Answer 13

High risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities)

Question 14

DES

Answer 14

Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma

Question 15

Thalidomide

Answer 15

Limb defects: Phocomelia, micromelia (flipper limbs)

Question 16

Category X drugs

Answer 16

MTX, statins, warfarin, isotretinoin, des, thalidomide

Question 17

Ionizing radiation (XR, CT)

Answer 17

Microcephaly, intellectual disability

Question 18

Maternal diabetes

Answer 18

Caudal regression syndrome

Congenital heart defects

Question 19

Idoine deficiency

Answer 19

Cretinism or congenital goiter

Question 20

Cocaine, tobacco

Answer 20

IUGR (interfere w/blood flow to fetus)

Neonatal addiction, withdrawal

Question 21

Alcohol

Answer 21

Intellectual disability
Developmental retardation
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Facial abnormalities (smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism)
Limb dislocation
Heart defects

Question 22

Homeobox (HOX) genes

Answer 22

Blueprint for skeletal morphology

Code for transcription regulators

Question 23

HOX mutation

Answer 23

Appendage in wrong location, synpolydactyly eg.

Can be altered by Vitamin A

Question 24

Sonic hedgehog gene

Answer 24

Involved in pattering anterior-posterior axis
Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity
Involved in CNS development

Question 25

Mutation in sonic hedgehog

Answer 25

Holoprosencephaly

Question 26

Wnt-7 gene

Answer 26

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge | Important for organization along dorsal-ventral axis

Question 27

FGF gene

Answer 27

Produced at apical ectodermal ridge | Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm - lengthening of limbs

Question 28

Apical ectodermal ridge

Answer 28

Thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developming limb

Question 29

What is important for organization along dorsal ventral axis

Answer 29

Wnt-7 gene

Question 30

What is important for organization along anterior-posterior axis

Answer 30

Sonic hedgehog

Question 31

What is important for organization of embryo craniocaudal direction

Answer 31

Hox genes

Question 32

What antibiotics are teratogenic

Answer 32

Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones

Question 33

When does fetal movement appear?

Answer 33

Week 8

Question 34

When is fetal cardiac activity visible on ultrasound

Answer 34

Week 6

Question 35

When do genitalia start to have male/female characteristics

Answer 35

Week 10