Foundations Flashcards
1
Q
What are pūrākau
A
A means to understand creation and beginnings (narratives)
2
Q
What are atua
A
Ancestors of ongoing influence with power over a particular domain
3
Q
What are tohunga
A
Experts within their practice, endowed by the atua with an ability to perform particular activities taught to humanity by the atua themselves
4
Q
What are karakia
A
Formulaic chants accompanying ritual acts addressed to the atua
5
Q
Where is Nga Puhi
A
Up North
6
Q
Where is Te Arawa
A
Middle of the North island
7
Q
Who is Io
A
A supreme being who exists externally in Te Korekore (the void)
8
Q
Which iwi believe in Io
A
Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Kahungunu (maintain that Io has long been part of their traditions)
9
Q
How is creation described by the Io pūrākau
A
Whakapa of karakia recited by Io. In speaking the names of different realms/stages of creation, Io brings them into existence
10
Q
Why is Io controversial
A
A later tribal tradition developed by tohunga after they become familiar with Christianity. Inauthentic, developed in response to foreign ideas
11
Q
What are the two separation narratives
A
Te Arawa and Ngāi Tahu
12
Q
What do separation narratives involve
A
The physical separation of primordial parents Ranginui and Papatūānuku. Separation actioned by their children
13
Q
What does the Te Arawa narrative involve
A
Rangi and Papa embrace in total darkness, sons exist in cramped space in between. Brothers seek to create space, eventually Tane does it successfully, parents complain, likening the treatment to kōhuru
14
Q
What was Tūmatauenga’s suggestion to their parents in the Te Arawa narrative
A
Kill them
15
Q
What was TaneMahuta’s suggestion to their parents in the Te Arawa narrative
A
Separate them by inverting his body and pushing them apart with his legs
16
Q
Who is the third brother in Te Arawa narrative
A
Tāwhirimātea (disagreed with both brothers)
17
Q
What happens with Tāwhirimātea after parents’ separation
A
Allies with father Rangi out of aroha for his parents and attacks his brothers, each brother defeated except Tūmatauenga
18
Q
What does Tūmatauenga do after parents separated
A
Fights and seeks utu against brothers for lack of support. Those who failed to fight are eaten and come under Tūmatauenga’s authority as tēina (junior in rank)
19
Q
What is Tane Mahuta atua of (brother in Te Arawa)
A
Forests, birds
20
Q
What is Tawhirimatea atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)
A
Wind
21
Q
What is tumatauenga atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)
A
People
22
Q
What is Haumia-tiketike atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)
A
Fernroot (wild foods)
23
Q
What is Rongo-mā-tāne atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)
A
Sweet potato (cultivated foods)
24
Q
What is Tangaroa atua of
(brother in Te Arawa)
A
Sea, fish, reptiles
25
What does the Ngai Tahu narrative involve
Papatūānuku initially married to Takaroa, goes away to bury child's placenta. While Takaroa away, Papa marries Raki. Takaroa returns and challenges Raki to a fight. Raki is defeated, subsequent children sickly and weak. Raki (still embraces Papa) instructs his son Tane to separate parents so that light will grow, insists all brothers assist
26
Where is Ngai Tahu
South island
27
How are parents separated in the Ngai Tahu narrative
Tane instructs brothers to prop Raki up in the sky while paia performs karakia to give them strength. Raki is killed in the process but his wish is for his children to live in a world of light. Tane adorns his naked father with stars
28
What is Te Po
The night
29
What is Te Ao
The day
30
What is Te Kore
The void
31
What is te Kore-matua
Parentless
32
Who was Raki married to before Papatuanuku (ngai tahu narrative)
Pokoharu-a-te-pō
33
What is the main difference between Te Arawa and Ngai Tahu narratives
Te Arawa parents forcibly separated, Ngai Tahu Raki asks to be separated
34
What is Hawaiki
Conceptual place somewhere in the pacific. Spiritual home beyond physical earth (thought of as an island zone)
35
Who was the first human (Ngai Tahu)
Tiki-auaha made by Tane from Hawaiki's earth. Breathes life into him
36
Who was the first female human (Ngai Tahu)
Io-wahine, made by Tane by mixing water and Hawaiki's earth
37
How was the first child created (Ngai Tahu)
Tane experimentally copulates with Io-wahine. Io-wahine runs forth and marries Tiki-auaha
38
What is the word for female element
uha/uwha
39
How is the first female made (Ngati Kahungunu)
Tane creates the female form from the earth at kurawaka, the puke (mons pubis) of papatuanuku. Tane sculpts the earth creating hineahuone. breathes life into her, she sneezes (tihei mauri ora)
40
What is the name of the first female (ngati kahungunu)
Hineahuone
41
How is the first child created (ngati kahungunu)
Tane has intercourse with hineahuone to establish where reproduction will spring from. Karakia recited to excite Tane, ensure offspring and strengthen implantation of te ira tangata (spark of life)
42
How many daughters do Tane and Hineahuone have
4
43
Who does Tane marry after Hineahuone
Their first born daughter Hine-titama who is unaware Tane is her father, when she discovers she flees to Rarohenga (underworld) and becomes Hine-nui-te-pō
44
Who is Hine-nui-te-pō
Maiden of night/dark
45
What themes and ideas do purakau provide
Precedents to live by. Understanding of right from wrong. Emergence of natural world, men and women are equal, rituals for spiritual and material wellbeing.
46
How are purakau relevant today
Reflection of current social practices, understanding of the importance of whakapapa, continuation of rituals for spiritual and material wellbeing
47
What is tikanga Maori
Maori cultural practices, customs and traditions, protocols, etiquette, guidelines for behaviour, customary practices
48
Where does tikanga originate
Matauranga, passed on through purakau
49
What is mātauranga maori
Knowledge, environment, development, contact
50
What are the values of tikanga
Whakapapa, spiritual and physical worlds, individual vs the collective
51
What are the overarching governing principles of Maori society
Whanaungatanga, manaakitanga, aroha
52
What is whanaungatanga
Unity to a common cause: whanau (give birth, be born, family), hapu (pregnant, sub tribe), iwi (bones, people, tribe), relationships. Structural scaffolding of human relationships
53
What is manaakitanga
Care and support, making people feel welcome, guiding principle for everyone
54
What is aroha
Love, compassion, empathy, sympathy, concern for others
55
What is kawa
Tikanga specific to certain region
56
What is mana
Prestige, authority. Comes from atua, whakapapa, achievements
57
What is mana atua/tūpuna
Mana everyone is born with, descended from atua
58
What are the types of mana
Mana atua/tūpuna, mana tuku, mana whakatupu, mana wahine, mana whenua
59
What is mana tuku
Conferred (delegated responsibility/authority)
60
What is mana whakatupu/whakatipu
Accrued/achieved, built over a lifetime
61
What is mana wahine
Mana of women, inherited, originates from papa tuanuku
62
What is mana whenua
Associated with customary occupation of tribal land
63
What is tapu
Sacred, set apart, special, restricted. Within people places and objects, associated with the atua and spiritual world. Is layered
64
What are the types of tapu
Intrinsic, extrinsic
65
What is intrinsic tapu
Comes from the atua associated with a specific realm, e,g the intrinsic tapu of the trees and forests descend from Tane-mahuta
66
What is extrinsic tapu
Tapu placed on things to protect the wellbeing of people. Can be an extension of tapu, applied or removed. For the safety and wellbeing of people. E.g Rahui
67
What is Rāhui
Tapu for environmental and resource management. Allows tapu to lessen over time
68
What is noa
Free from restrictions, neutral state, balance. Compliments tapu to create balance (remove layers of tapu)
69
What are agents of noa
Karakia, food, water, wahine
70
What is a kawangawhare
Opening of a house and removal of the associated tapu
71
What is whakanoa
Breaking tapu by eating
72
What is utu
Reciprocity, binding principle for balance. Can be positive (good deeds returned) or negative (revenge)
73
What is mauri
Life force that binds together the physical and spiritual elements required for them to exist. Embedded in living beings from their conception. Can be embedded in inanimate objects. Begins at conception, ends with death
74
What is wairua
Non physical spirit, distinct from body and mauri. Begins when eyes form in the foetus and is immortal, but can leave your body. Emphasises a deeper connection with the world around us
75
Where does wairua go at death
Returns to hawaiki
76
Where does wairua exist during life
Co exists with mauri (specific place in body?), during sleep wairua can leave resulting in dreams
77
What is te ao maori
Holistic, cyclic and balanced. Every action has a consequence and at times requires another action to return to balance. Concepts provide the reasons and underpin the application for tikanga
78
Which islands are associated with the Tahitic branch of polynesian language
Cook Islands, society islands, tuamotu islands (Hawaiki must lie close to these islands)
79
What were the reasons for leaving Hawaiki
Escaping conflicts over land boundaries, gardens, fruit trees, men of rank seeking to marry the same woman, internal cultural imperatives (i.e usually due to societal tensions not overpopulation or shortages). Carefully planned, waka gifted to migrants or specifically built for the trip
80
Why did Turi (of Aotea waka) leave Hawaiki
Heard a threatening song composed by his opponent which his wife overheard and sung to him
81
Who was the chief builder of the Tainui waka
Rakataura
82
Who was the commander of the Aotea waka
Turi
83
Who was the commander of the Te Arawa waka
Tama-te-kapua
84
Who was the (female) commander of the Tainui waka
Whakaotirangi
85
What does Horouta (waka name) mean
Swallowed land, because it was fast
86
What does Tainui (waka name) mean
Big in sea because it didn't sit right in the sea and needed remedial work
87
What cargo was taken on Hawaiki migrations
Taro, hue (gourd), aute (paper mulberry), karaka tree, kumara, animals like kiore (pacific rat) and kuri (dog), other objects like tools, weapons, mauri (protective stones), figures of guardian atua, cultural knowledge (karakia, stories, ritual) in memories
88
When were the earliest settlers in Aotearoa (according to archaeology)
Mid 14th century. Major settlement event shortly after 1300 AD
89
Which ancestors returned visit and return to Hawaiki (provide information and instructions to later migrants)
Kupe, Irakewa (father of Toroa), Ngahue
90
Where did the Uruao waka settle
Encountered people living up north, sailed for unoccupied Te Waipounamu
91
Where did the Tainui waka settle
Hoturoa visits relations on Tamaki river who had settled there two generations earlier
92
Where did the Tutara-kauika waka settle
Leaders visit sister living in Aotearoa
93
How many people made up the NZ founding population
500 people, ~190 females
94
Did waka travel in convoy
One or two other waka, some solo e.g Aotea
95
Where was mtDNA found which showed that early settlers weren't maternally collected and hence were from different islands
Wairau Bar (top of south island)
96
How were waka usually designed (structured)
Double hulled
97
Who were the leaders of waka
Rangatira (commander at stern, others supervising at bow, midships) and tohunga (specialists, responsible for navigation, ritual protection from elements)
98
Who were kaihautu of waka
Person giving time to paddlers
99
Who were kaiurungi of waka
Person steering boat
100
How many crew made up waka
22-70
101
What are the waka names we should recognise
Aotea, Horo-uta, Kurahaupo, Mataatua, Takitimu, Tainui, Te Arawa, Tokomaru, Te Ara-tawhao, Te Ririno, Kairaerae
102
What conflicts on waka sometimes occurred
Tohunga sometimes tricked onto voyage by rangatira
103
What conflict occurred on Te Arawa
Tama-te-kapua had an affair with Ngatoro-i-rangi's wife, prompting Ngatoro to drive the waka into Te Korokoro-o-te-parata (whirlpool/storm). People plead with him, he saved ship
104
What challenge did Kurahaupo waka face
Wrecked, came ashore on Rangitahua island (Raoul island)
105
What challenge did tuwhenua waka face
Leprosy
106
What challenge did Arai-te-uru waka face
Lost crew and goods in rough seas (Moeraki boulders), capsizes at Matakaea (shag point)
107
What challenge did Takitimu waka face
Hunger (long voyage), rough seas, nearly rolls at Muriwhenua, loses crew and equipment, founders in Te-Ara-A-kiwa (Foveaux strait)
108
What challenge did Horo-uta waka face
Capsizes off Whakatane
109
What challenge did Tainui waka face
Nearly founders when crew distracted by sight of large trees, stuck on Auckland canoe portage
110
What challenge did Mataatua waka face
Men neglect ship's safety, Wairaka saves boat
111
Where did Tainui and Te Arawa waka land
East coast point
112
What are some of the waka which landed in the North
Kurahaupo, takitimu, tinana, horouta, paikea, aotea, nukutere
113
What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Tokerau (up North)
Parengarenga harbour, rangaunu harbour, takou bay, whangaruru harbour, kaipara harbour
114
What are some of the waka landing sites of Tainui and Te Arawa (bay of plenty)
Te Haukapua, manukau harbour, tauranga moana, whaingaroa, te ahurei, mokau, whangaparoa, torere, whakatane, maketu
115
What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Hauauru (West coast)
Hawaiki-iti, mohakatino, tongaporutu, ngamotu (new plymouth)
116
What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Tai Rawhiti (East coast)
Whangaokena, Uawa (Tolaga bay), turanganui-a-kiwa
117
What are some of the waka landing sites of Te Wai Pounamu (south island)
Whakatu (Nelson), whatakai-o-rakihouia (kaikoura), horomaka (banks peninsula), moeraki, shag point, te waewae bay
118
What were the first actions upon landing a waka
Erect a tuahu (altar, sacred site) to thank atua for protection, comprising fire, mauri and wooden posts. Karakia by Ngatoro-i-rangi (tuwharetoa), exploring and naming of the landscape. Establish claims to land by naming after body parts
119
What did Horo-uta waka do upon landing
Performs whakau ritual, clearing way for her exploration journey
120
What did Uru-ao's captain Rakaihautu do upon landing at whakatu (Nelson)
Walks south creating the major southern lakes with his kō (digging stick), Tu-whakaroria
121
What were the first actions of settlement by Maori
Identify resource base of new land, especially its industrial grade stone resources to manufacture adzes, cutting tools from obsidian, stone resources identified in first decade of settlement. Planting crops, development of food storage techniques due to cooler weather, maintaining and adapting ancestral tool kits due to lost resources, adaptations to rich local resources: animals (moa, sea mammals, birds)
122
What were some of the Maori settlement strategies
Exploring wider landscape from waka landing base, waka crew breaking up into smaller exploration parties under an ancestor, travelling together to new settlement, settling in dispersed settlements around landing place, disputes sometimes broke up settlements with some ancestors seeking new home
123
What is Wairau bar thought to have been
focal point of colonisation, maintaining links to various other settlements
124
How were bonds made and strengthened between different waka settlements
Waka continue to travel between communities, intermarriage
125
How did tangata moana become tangata whenua
Identify with features of the land e.g Te Tai-o-Arai-te-uru (Otago coast), Takitimu mountains in murihiku (southland)
126
What is Maori vs maori
Maori are the indigenous people, maori means normal/ordinary
127
What does iwi taketake mean
Indigenous peoples
128
What are pepeha
A way of introduction for Maori. Acknowledge one's whakapapa connection to place and people, reinforces a continued connection to where one is from, state geographical and ancestral markers of identity. Assert indigeneity
129
What is whakapaparanga
Social structure
130
What is the first layer of social structure
Waka (consisting of rangatira, tohunga, kaihautu, kaiurungi)
131
What is the second layer of social structure
Iwi (imagined community, loose confederation of hapu, not an everyday functional unit in everyday Maori society)
132
Who lead iwi
Ariki (high chiefs)
133
What is the third layer of social structure
Hapu (everyday unit of Maori society where people collaborate and live, made of a few whanau)
134
Who lead hapu
Rangatira (job is to weave the people together)
135
How did the signing of te tiriti result in iwi becoming more relevant
Government will only enter into direct negotiations with "large natural groupings." Hapu leaders signed but were too resource intensive to deal with
136
What is the final layer of social structure
Whanau (multigenerational, extend across direct descent lines)
137
Who are the elders of whanau
Kaumatua, Kuia
138
What are parents called
matua/papa, whaea/mama, mātua: parents
139
What are siblings called
Tuakana: older sibling of the same sex
Teina/taina: younger sibling of the same gender
Tuahine: sister to a male
Tungane: brother to a female
140
What are grandparents called
Koroua, kuia
141
What are ancestors called
Tupuna/tipuna
142
Who are the leaders of the whanau
Kaumātua
143
What are the key roles of rangatira
Clear communication, care for others, bring people together
144
What is whāngai
To feed. A practice to provide alternative arrangements of care within a whakapapa. Similar to adoption but not secretive, whangai children know where they are from and where they sit in their whakapapa
145
What is the purakau of Maui-tikitiki-a-taranga (origin of whangai)
Maui thought to be stillborn, mother Taranga casts him away in woven basket. Grandfather Tamanui-ki-te-rangi finds him and raises him with the knowledge of his whakapapa. Taranga is routinely counting her sons when Maui-tikitiki-a-taranga stands among them. When asked who he is he recites his whakapapa to justify his place within the whanau
146
Why does whangai occur
Many customary reasons, for example eldest child raised by grandparents, orphaned children, giving to a couple unable to produce a child, not being ready to become a parent
147
What does kaitiakitanga mean
Guardianship, stewardship, trusteeship, trustee
148
What does tiaki mean
To care for, guard, protect, watch over, shelter
149
What does prefix kai mean
Added to verbs to express some kind of action, denoting human agent
150
When was the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act
1998
151
After papa and raki's marriage, which sky children (sons) came down to meet their father's new wife
Aoraki (cloud in the sky), Rakiroa (long Raki), Rakirua (raki the second), Rarakiroa (long unbroken line)
152
When was the Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa river) act
2012
153
What was the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
Government gave money for greivances to do with land
154
What was the Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa river) act 2012
Restoration and maintenance of the river in accordance with Maori values such as mauri
155
When was the Te Urewera act
2014
156
What is Te Urewera thought of as
The heart of the great fish that Maui caught
157
What was the Te Urewera act 2014
Made Te Urewera a living entity
158
What are other natural living entities in NZ law
Tongariro, Taranaki, Whanganui (and Te Urewera)
159
What is whanaungatanga
Kinship. The defining principle, informs human relationships with physical and spiritual world. Means extended family, relationships, responsibilities. The glue that holds the maori world together, whakapapa (genealogy)
160
What was Te Mana O Te Wai
Kahui wai maori report to Hon Minister David Parker. Protection of freshwater, incorporated into policy
161
What are the obligations of Te Mana O Te Wai
1. To the water: protect its health and mauri
2. Provide essential human health needs such as drinking water
3. Consumption provided that such use does not adversely impact the mauri of freshwater
162
What are the principles of Te mana o te wai
Mana whakahaere, kaitiakitanga, manaakitanga. Governance, stewardship, care, respect
163
What must regional councils do under Te Mana o te wai
Engage with communities and tangata whenua to protect freshwater, enable application of concepts such as matauranga maori to its management
164
What are the spheres of iwi/hapu and crown collaboration
Tinorangatira sphere, kawanatanga sphere, relational sphere (joint deliberate body)
165
Which iwi is tangata whenua of te urewera
Nga Tuhoe
166
What are marae
A complex of buildings, physical manifestation of origin/belonging/whakapapa
167
What is the Lapita culture
Proto-Austronesians who explored the remote pacific. Extended far into the East with continued cultural development. Ancestors of Maori
168
Where do Austronesian languages originate from
South East Asia
169
How did marae develop
Further exploration East, marae begin to appear. Formal structures purposed for celestial navigation. Land based constants to fix latitude while at sea. ~30 generations ago developed into highly ritualised spaces
170
What was the original marae
Taputapuātea (at Ra'iātea). A university for expert navigators and explorers: place of higher learning
171
What were marae upon arrival to Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu
Complex social spaces governed by traditional practices. Communities within which kin lived. A space of chiefly authority, people engage in rituals of encounter with other communities
172
What is the marae atea
Ceremonial courtyard (grass outside) central to pā, provided a space to wānanga and communicate knowledge
173
What is the tūāhu
Hidden away from general view, remained a place of tapu
174
How did marae location change post European arrival
Moved to areas to conveniently access port locations (strategic - economic opportunities, engage with outside world)
175
How do hapū fit into marae
Multiple hapū can be associated with a marae. Political powerhouse of Te Ao Maori. Make decisions and engage with outsiders. Pā usually only housed one or a few hapū
176
What tikanga Maori rituals occur at marae
Pōwhiri, tangihanga, wānanga. Te Ao Maori governed by tikanga
177
How are marae sites of tapu
Managed by kaumātua, highly ritualised space and traditional practices, set aside for specific purposes
178
What is the whare tupuna
Meeting house, embodying an ancestor
179
What is the whare whakairo
Carved meeting house
180
What is the wharenui
Large/main meeting house
181
What is the wharepuni
Sleeping house
182
What is the kāuta (of the marae)
Cooking shed
183
What is the wharekai
Kitchen
184
What is the whareiti/wharepaku
Toilet
185
What is the whare karakia
Church
186
What is the kūwaha/wāhi tapu (of marae)
Cemetery/burial grounds
187
What is the kūwaha/waharoa (of the marae)
Entrance to the marae atea
188
What is the kōhanga reo (of the marae)
Māori language preschool
189
What does Tūrangawaewae mean
A place to stand
190
What does ahi kā mean
keeping fires of occupation burning, right to return
191
What is the significance of marae
Connection to tupuna and whanaunga, place and whenua, important ceremonial rituals, vessel/repository for ancient and traditional knowledge, site of cultural resistance
192
How are marae sites of cultural resistance
Te Reo, tikanga Maori. The last bastion of Maori culture in its most potent form
193
What are urban/pan-tribal marae and what is their purpose
Marae that pop up to serve everyone and reaffirm a sense of identity outside one's tribal territory. Diaspora: not many Maori live within home territory
194
What are the two groups involved in a powhiri
Tangata whenua (hosts) and manuhiri (visitors)
195
What are waewae tapu
Manuhiri who have never been to the particular marae or place before
196
What is the purpose of pōwhiri
Welcoming and clearing of tapu. Traditionally used to gauge intention
197
What is a waerea (start of pōwhiri)
Protective incantation performed by manuhiri before going onto and entering marae. By a male (rangatira), performed quietly while deciding other roles in subsequent pōwhiri
198
What is a wero (start of pōwhiri)
Performed by toa (warrior) from tangata whenua. Symbolic gift (taki/small wooden dart) laid down, manuhiri must pick it up. Manner of manuhiri toward laying down of taki shows their intention. Nowadays only occurs at very special occasions
199
What is a karanga (pōwhiri)
Performed by women on both sides. Usually older women, weaving spiritual rope between groups. Central to the demonstration of aroha and expression of emotion. Gives breath to the feelings of our tūpuna. The first voice
200
What is the caller of the karanga called
Kaikaranga
201
What is the whakaeke (pōwhiri)
Slow movement of manuhiri onto marae atea. Haka powhiri may be performed by tangata whenua at this time. Men in some iwi may perform the waerea during the whakaeke
202
What is the whaikōrero
Oratory performed (usually) by men on both sides. Men sit at the front, women and children behind. Occurs within the realm of Tūmatauenga (protect women and children). Begins with and returns to tangata whenua
203
What is the speaker of the whaikorero called
Kaikorero
204
What are the different kawa of speaking orders of the whaikōrero
Pāeke: all host speakers, then visitors
Tāutuutu: alternating
Whakawhitiwhiti: hybrid of above
205
What is the waiata tautoko/kīnaki
Song of support after speech, typically by women. Speaks to the mana of the kaikōrero, can be used to neutralise tapu of whaikōrero. Can be used politically, or to rein in a speaker. Usually reflects tone of gathering
206
What is a koha
Gift. Money, food, resource, precious items, materials to tangata whenua
207
What is a hongi
Pressing of noses and sharing of breath. Symbolic breath of life.
208
What is the hākari (final part of pōwhiri process)
Collective partaking of food, shows manuhiri the capacity of the tangata whenua to manaaki. Food is an agent of whakanoa
209
What is the importance of pōwhiri
Maintaining tikanga of marae, addressing tapu of waewae tapu, whanaungatanga, whakapapa, manaaki, survival of Te Reo and tikanga Maori
210
Who is Dame Arpoha Reriti-Crofts (ngai tahu)
Community worker, former president of the Maori womens welfare league
211
Who is Dr Te Moana-nui-a-kia Jackson (ngati kahungunu, ngati porou)
Lawyer, advocate for maori rights
212
Who is Sir Wira Gardiner (ngati Awa, Ngati Pikiao, Te whakatohea, te whanau-a-apanui)
Public servant, founding director of waitangi tribunal, former CE of Oranga Tamariki
213
Who is Titewhai Harawira (Ngapuhi)
Maori rights activist, queen of maori protest
214
Who is Maanu Paul (ngati Awa, ngati manawa)
Maori rights activist, disruptor of the status quo
215
Who is Sir Toby Curtis (ngati Pikiao, ngati rongomai)
Te Reo Maori advocate, Maori broadcasting/media, chair- Te Mangai Paho and Te Arawa Lakes trust
216
Who is Georgina Beyer (te arawa, ngai tahu)
Former labour MP and mayor, world's first openly transgender MP
217
Who is Joe Hawke (ngati whatua)
Bastion point leader, former MP
218
Who is Anituatua Black (ngai tuhoe)
Educator, founding staff member of Te tumu
219
Who are the sisters of matariki
Waipunarangi, ururangi, tupuārangi, hiwaiterangi, waitī, waitā, pohutukawa, tupuānuku, tupuārangi
220
What is the general process of a tangihanga/takiauē
Body prepared for burial, taken to a place and mourned, visitors welcomed, speeches made, body buried, whānau brought back into the world of the living
221
Which matariki sister is associated with the dead (if clear, fewer deaths that year)
Pohutukawa, especially those who died in the past year. Matariki is a time to let go of grief
222
How is Hine-tītama related to the dead
Fled to the darkness when she found she married her father. Said she'd look after their children in the darkness, he could look after them in the light.
223
Who is known as the atua of death (more our kuia who looks after us after death)
Hine-tītama
224
How did Maui, son of Hine-nui-te-po try to avoid death
Going back into mother and coming out her mouth. Fantail stopped him by waking hine-nui-te-po. Fantail now seen as bringer of death
225
Where is the final resting place
Differs between iwi, but wairua leaves physical world and mauri ceases to exist
226
What is ōhakī (before death)
Oral will- discussion of who will take over, punishment, revenge
227
What is the whare tūroro
Place someone near death is kept to be kept separate from normal activities. First term for hospital
228
What is the tuku wairua (tangihanga)
Karakia chanted by tohunga. Like euthanasia: just before person passes to send wairua on
229
What is the tapu after death like
On person who died, everyone and everything associated. Scary, but for protection and to please atuas
230
What is tūpāpaku (in preparing a body)
Put into crouching position to receive everyone coming in to pay their respects
231
What is kōkōwai (in preparing a body)
Smear body with red clay and oil (embalming process)
232
What are maori coffins made of
Harakeke, koha given to weaver
233
What preparations for a tangihanga happen at the marae
Kai preparations, whare organised for visitors, ceremonial roles, anything put in coffin stays there, tikanga, looking after the kids
234
Where is the body kept during a tangihanga
Mahau, wharenui, wharemate (separate whare set up), varies between iwi
235
What do the whaikorero and waiata address in a tangihanga
Address person as if they are alive. Angry at knowledge lost. Address whanau. Will remember you, but farewell to your wairua
236
Who are the kirimate / whānau pani
Those who relied heavily on the person, status changed due to passing. Must only grieve and not help with anything else
237
How might grief be expressed
Haehae (scratching skin to show pain), whakamomori (suicide)
238
How might you be able to tell a marae is mourning
Kawakawa leaves hanging up to mask smell
239
What is tono
Body snatching. Need to talk about where to bury body and why
240
How long did a tangi usually last (shorter now due to health and safety)
3 days
241
What is Pō poroporoaki
Celebration of the life of the deceased. Share stories, sing songs. Kirimate, whanau pani can speak. Closing of coffin, service (marae, church)
242
What is nehu/urupā
Burial: fill in the hole yourself
243
What is kawe mate
Burial away from tribal area, take home spiritually
244
What is hiwaiterangi
Hopes for the new year
245
What is takahi whare
Trample the house. Whakanoa
246
What is hura kōhatu
Unveiling of the headstone
247
Who is the notable tohunga in the Ngai Tahu separation narrative
Matiaha Tiramoeku
