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Foundations Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

Drug dosage and local conditions at site of admin influence absorption

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2
Q

distribution

A

Distribution depends on physical/chemical properties of medication and the physiology of the person taking it

After hitting bloodstream, med will go to tissue, organs, or site of actions

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3
Q

metabolism

A

Biotransformation; lungs, kidneys, intestines (highly vascularized), blood

Medications made into less-potent or inactive form

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4
Q

excretion

A

Kidneys main organ
GI, liver, lungs, glands

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5
Q

what are drugs classified by

A
  1. Effect on body
  2. Chemical composition
  3. Therapeutic action
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6
Q

Idiosyncratic effect

A

different undesired reaction than normal

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7
Q

Iatrogenic effect

A

negative, toxic effect from prescribed drug (chemo)

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8
Q

what does safe therapeutic range fall between

A

toxic concentration and minimum effective concentration

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9
Q

sublingual vs buccal

A

sublingual - under tongue
buccal - against cheek

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10
Q

what are the parts of a medication order

A

Pts name
Date and time written
Name of drug
Dosage of drug
Route
Frequency
Signed off by physician

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11
Q

5 rights of medication administration

A
  1. patient
  2. route
  3. dosage
  4. frequency
  5. medication
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12
Q

important notes about eye and ear drops

A

ear:
- under 3: pull ear down
- over 3: pull ear up
eye:
- different eye drops give 5 mins apart

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13
Q

important note about inhaled medications

A

must rinse mouth after to avoid thrush

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14
Q

what are the parts of a syringe

A

hub - needle - (shaft, lumen, bevel)

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15
Q

pre-filled syringe

A

convenient for home
- 100 or 150mg/ml; less risk of med errors

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16
Q

cartridge syringe

A

needs to be put into device to give med

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17
Q

insulin syringe (orange)

A

100 units/ml
- 1 unit of insulin can drop blood sugar 30-100

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18
Q

insulin pen

A

keep in fridge
change spot on body

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19
Q

Tuberculin syringe

A

brown cap

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20
Q

regular needles

A

higher the gauge - smaller the diameter
- BEST place for IM injection is ventrogluteal

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21
Q

what bloodborne pathogen diseases can occur with needles

A

HIV
HBV
HCV

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22
Q

reconstitution

A

powder medications that need sterile water to reconstitute drug
Once mixed, then you can draw up into mL

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23
Q

ampules

A

single dose
- vial must be broken cleanly
- use filtered needle then change to injection needle to administer

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24
Q

vials

A

glass or vial that is self-sealing

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25
Intradermal injections
angle: 5-15 degrees gauge: 26-27 needle length: 1/4 - 1/2 sites: inner forearm, upper back - hold skin taut, bevel up
26
subcutaneous injections
angle: 90 degrees gauge: 25-30 needle length: 3/8 - I inch sites: upper back, back upper arm, abdomen, thigh - pinch skin
27
Intramuscular injections
angle: 90 degrees gauge: 18-25 needle length: 5/8 - 11/2 inch sites: deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventral gluteal - z track method
28
peripheral IVs
< 3 inches inserted in peripheral veins of hand/feet rotate sites: 72-96hrs
29
Midline peripheral catheters
>3 inches Inserted peripherally into cephalic or brachial vein, stops at axilla* Longer use *Both used for IV fluids, medications, and blood products
30
steps of inserting IV
* should be 2in away from bending joint or non-dominant side 1. find vein 2. tourniquet 3. warm compress, dependent position 4. palpate vein for bouncy/spongey
31
neuropraxia
nerve structure remains intact but pt has temporary damage (zipper feeling)
32
Axonotmesis
severe nerve injury resulting in permanent paralysis of motor or sensory function
33
Neurotmesis
nerve is completely severed, leaving permanent damage
34
phlebitis
inflammation in the vein - pain, redness, warmth and swelling* Remove IV, apply warm compress, and give anti-inflammatory
35
infiltration
IV medication leaks out of vein and into tissue - swelling, pain, coolness, blanching (pale) — Stop IV, apply cool compress
36
Extravasation
fluid leaks out of vein and is vesicant which irritates the tissue Infection: do not remove catheter, stop fluids, give reignite around IV site to stop destruction of the tissue
37
PICC line (central venous access device)
Long catheter 20-24in Peripheral vein in arm into superior vena cava and RA X Ray used for confirmation
38
central venous catheter non-tunneled
Short term fluid or blood admin Between Superior vena cava and RA Single or multi lumens Can be placed in neck, chest or groin Temporary *
39
central venous catheter tunneled
Surgical procedure - Under skin Exits through abdomen or chest wall Tip is where superior vena cava and ra meet DACRON CUFF is in place to stabilize catheter and prevent infection* Pt can go into ARRHYTHMIAS
40
serious complications of central line insertions
Arterial puncture Lung puncture Arrhythmias* Hemorrhage* Air embolism*
41
local IV infection
Redness, warmth Tenderness Edema Purulent drainage
42
systemic IV infection
Fever, chills Leukocytosis N/V Malaise Can lead to sepsis
43
why is I & O important to monitor
not equal means fluid volume excess or deficit
44
what does a physician's order of IV therapy include
1 - Amount of solution 2 - Type of solution 3 - Any additives 4 - Rate of administration ex) 1 L D5W w/ 20mEq KCl @ 125mL/hr
45
Crystalloid vs Colloid solutions
Crystalloid - used to replace losses of water, CHO, and electrolytes Colloid - function like plasma proteins, increasing intravascular volume
46
Hypotonic Solution
<240 mOsm/L - used for dehydration 1. Fluid moves from intravascular space into the cells (Swell) - Increased intracellular fluid - Increased Intracranial pressure b/c fluid passes blood brain barrier
47
Isotonic Solution
240-340 mOsm/L - used for volume replacement (same as body fluids) - Increases ECF volume - Assess for signs of fluid overload
48
Hypertonic Solution
> 340 mOsm/L - used to reduce fluid overload (shrink) - Increases osmotic pressure in the blood, drawing fluid from the cells - Cellular dehydration may occur
49
125mg gentamicin IV every 8hr, medication is in 100mL minibag to infuse over 90 minutes, what would be the correct rate that this is going to infuse at in mL/hr?
(100mL/1.5hr) = 66.7mL/hr
50
Volume imbalance
disturbance in extracellular compartment fluid balance
51
Osmolality imbalance
disturbance in concentration of body fluids
52
hypernatremia vs hyponatremic influence on fluid
hyper - cellular water deficit (shrink) hypo - cellular water excess (swell)
53
different parts of the drip chamber
Macrodrip: 10-20gtts/ml Microdrip: 60gtts/ml
54
types of drug incompatibility
chemical: change in potency of drug physical: change in appearance (dissolution) therapeutic: change in effect of drug
55
Methods of IV administration
1. continuous infusion 2. intermittent infusion 3. IV push or bolus
56
what do you do if there is a medication error
assess vitals immediately notify healthcare provider document incident
57
IVPB - intravenous piggy back bag
secondary medication placed in bag above regular IV administration
58
mini bag
50-100ml bag used intermittently
59
Buretrol
volume controlled IV chamber - used to prevent fluid overload
60
4 main components of blood
wbcs, rbcs, plasma, platelets
61
what is plasma
55% of blood volume (intravascular part of extracellular fluid) Made of 90% water & 10% solutes Solutes such as protein, lipids, electrolytes..
62
what are antigens
what provoke an immune response
63
what are antibodies
immunoglobins produced after antigen or foreign substance exposure
64
what is the antigen-antibody response
incompatible blood antigens trigger an immune response
65
A blood type
A antigens Anti-B antibodies
66
B blood type
B antigens Anti-A antibodies
67
O blood type
neither A or B antigens both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
68
Rh negative and Rh positive
Rh (-) can only receive (-) blood Rh (+) can receive (-) and (+) blood
69
universal donor and universal recipients
donor - O recipient - AB
70
whole blood
must be ABO identical - used for acute blood loss over 25%
71
Packed RBCS
increases O2 carrying capacity
72
Washed RBCS
washes out components of blood and only gives pt RBCS - used for febrile, non-hemolytic reactions
73
Fresh frozen plasma
used to increase clotting factors and treat bleeding disorders
74
Colloid blood infusion
used for massive shock or hemorrhage - increases volume
75
process of administering Infusion
1. admin blood slowly 2-5ml/min 2. Vital Signs every 5-15 mins 3. After 15 mins, increase rate 4. Vital signs every 15-30 mins until done
76
acute hemolytic reaction
ABO incompatibility S/S: burning along vein, lumbar pain, flank pain, flushing of face, fever, chills, shock STOP TRANSFUSION
77
febrile, non-hemolytic reaction
NOT an ABO incompatibility - Sensitization to some other element in the blood S/S: fever, shaking, N/V, headache, chest pain, dyspnea, hypotension, cough, malaise
78
Allergic reaction
Sensitivity to plasma proteins S/S: rash or hives
79
what will 1 unit of blood raise H&H by
hematocrit - 3% hemoglobin - 1g/dl
80
how fast do you have to give blood once taking it out of fridge
4 hours
81
how fast do platelets and FFB have to be infused by
30 mins

exams (11 decks)

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