Foundations of Biochem

Question 1

A high degree of chemical complexity and microscopic organization; systems for extracting, transforming, and using energy from the environment; defined functions for every component and regulated interactions among them; mechanisms for sensing and responding to alterations in surroundings; a capacity for precise self-replication and self-assembly; capacity to change over time by gradual evolution

Answer 1

The distinguishing features of living organisms

Question 2

The periphery of the cell, separating its contents from the surroundings

Answer 2

Plasma membrane

Question 3

Allows the passage of certain ions and molecules

Answer 3

Transport proteins

Question 4

Transmit signals into the cell

Answer 4

Receptor proteins

Question 5

The internal volume enclosed by the plasma membrane, composed of the cytosol and a variety of suspended particles with specific functions

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

The site of protein synthesis

Answer 6

Ribosomes

Question 7

Oxidizes fatty acids

Answer 7

Peroxisomes

Question 8

Supports the cell and aids in movement of organelles. Composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Answer 8

Cytoskeleton

Question 9

Degrades intracellular debris using digestive enzymes

Answer 9

Lysosomes

Question 10

Shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

Answer 10

Transport vesicles

Question 11

Processes lipids and membrane proteins, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

Answer 11

Golgi apparatus

Question 12

Site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

Answer 12

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 13

Segregates chromatin (DNA and protein) from the cytoplasm

Answer 13

Nuclear envelope

Question 14

Contains the genes (chromatin)

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Answer 15

Nucleolus

Question 16

Site of much of protein synthesis

Answer 16

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 17

Oxidizes fuels to produce ATP. Site of most energy extracting reactions of the cell

Answer 17

Mitochondria

Question 18

Harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

Answer 18

Chloroplast

Question 19

Temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

Answer 19

Starch granule

Question 20

Site of light-driven ATP synthesis

Answer 20

Thylakoids

Question 21

Provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling

Answer 21

Cell wall

Question 22

Degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

Answer 22

Vacuole

Question 23

Provides path between two plant cells

Answer 23

Plasmodesmata

Question 24

Contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

Answer 24

Glyoxysome

Question 25

Transport out of the cell

Answer 25

Exocytosis

Question 26

Transport into the cell

Answer 26

Endocytosis

Question 27

Bacteria that are colored by Gram's stain. Lacks an outer membrane. Contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the plasma membrane

Answer 27

Gram positive bacteria

Question 28

Bacteria that is not colored by Gram's stain. Has an additional outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer

Answer 28

Gram negative bacteria

Question 29

Single, circular molecule of DNA

Answer 29

Plasmid

Question 30

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Answer 30

The three distinct domains of life

Question 31

Inhabits soils, surface waters, and tissues of other living or decaying organisms

Answer 31

Bacteria

Question 32

Inhabits extreme environments like salt lakes, hot springs, highly acidic bogs, and the ocean depths

Answer 32

Archaea

Question 33

Which are eukaryotes more closely related to, bacteria or archaea?

Answer 33

Archaea

Question 34

Environments with plentiful oxygen

Answer 34

Aerobic

Question 35

Environments devoid of oxygen

Answer 35

Anaerobic

Question 36

Organisms that die when exposed to oxygen

Answer 36

Obligate anaerobes

Question 37

Organisms that are able to live with or without oxygen

Answer 37

Facultative anaerobes

Question 38

Organisms that trap and use sunlight as energy

Answer 38

Phototrophs

Question 39

Organisms that derive their energy from oxidation of chemical fuel

Answer 39

Chemotrophs

Question 40

Organisms that synthesize their biomolecules directly from carbon dioxide

Answer 40

Autotrophs

Question 41

Organisms that require some preformed organic nutrients made by other organisms

Answer 41

Heterotrophs

Question 42

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

Answer 42

The 4 most abundant elements in living organisms

Question 43

Shorter polymers

Answer 43

Oligomers

Question 44

Long polymers of amino acids that constitute the largest fraction (besides water) of the cell

Answer 44

Proteins

Question 45

Nucleic acids that are polymers of nucleotides. Stores and transmits genetic information

Answer 45

DNA and RNA

Question 46

The entire sequence of a cell's DNA

Answer 46

The genome

Question 47

Polymers of simple sugars like glucose

Answer 47

Polysaccharides

Question 48

Energy-rich fuel stores, rigid structural components of cell walls, and extracellular recognition elements that bind to proteins on other cells

Answer 48

Three major functions of polysaccharides

Question 49

All of a cell's carbohydrate-containing molecules

Answer 49

Glycome

Question 50

Water insoluble hydrocarbon derivatives. Serve as structural components of membranes, energy-rich fuel stores, pigments, and intracellular signals

Answer 50

Lipids

Question 51

Carbon containing molecules that have the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but differ configuration

Answer 51

Stereoisomers

Question 52

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

Answer 52

Enantiomers

Question 53

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

Answer 53

Diastereomers

Question 54

In living organisms, chiral molecules are usually present in how many of their chiral forms?

Answer 54

One

Question 55

All the constituent reactants and products, the solvent that contains them, and the immediate atmosphere

Answer 55

A system

Question 56

The system and its surroundings

Answer 56

A universe

Question 57

When the system exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings it is

Answer 57

Isolated

Question 58

When the system exchanges energy but not matter with its surrounding it is

Answer 58

Closed

Question 59

When it exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings; All living organisms

Answer 59

An open system

Question 60

The randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system

Answer 60

Entropy

Question 61

The amount of energy available to do work

Answer 61

Free-energy

Question 62

Energy requiring reactions. Have a positive delta G (free energy)

Answer 62

Endergonic

Question 63

Reactions that do not require an energy input. Have a negative delta G (free energy)

Answer 63

Exergonic

Question 64

Energy pathway that degrades organic nutrients. Breaks things down and are exergonic

Answer 64

Catabolic reactions

Question 65

Uses energy created from catabolic reactions. Builds things up, endergonic

Answer 65

Anabolic reactions