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FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Define psychology

A

Scientific study if individual human behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

In the definition of psychology, what does “mental process” mean?

A

Internal, overt actions and reactions

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3
Q

The school of thought emphasizing mind and outside world interaction.

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

Who would agree with the statement “the study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life”?

A

William James

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5
Q

Who are the proponents of structuralism?

A

William Wundt & E. B. Titchener

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6
Q

What is the definition of structuralism?

A

Identifies the basic elements of the mind through introspection

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7
Q

What year was structuralism found?

A

1879

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8
Q

What year was functionalism found?

A

1890

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9
Q

Who is the proponent of functionalism?

A

William James

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10
Q

What is the definition of functionalism?

A

The adaptation of the mind to the environment

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11
Q

What is the influence behind functionalism?

A

Evolutionary Theory

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12
Q

What is the difference of Western and Eastern perspectives of psychology?

A

Western psychology studies the human brain and mind using the scientific method. Eastern psychology is directed towards inner satisfaction or spiritual life.

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13
Q

What are the Theories of Psychology? (8)

A
  • Behavioral
  • Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Humanistic Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Sociocultural Theory
  • Positive Psychology
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14
Q

What year was behavioral found?

A

1924

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15
Q

The theory of psychology analyzes how people learn/modify behavior from experience

A

Behavioral

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16
Q

Who is the proponent of psychoanalytic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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17
Q

The theory of psychology focuses on the unconscious aspects of the mind, and how instincts and impulses influence thought and behavior.

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

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18
Q

Johann has learned crying in public will give him a new toy in exchange for silence. What psychological theory is exhibited?

A

Behavioral

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19
Q

Who is the proponent of Humanistic Theory?

A

Carl Rogers

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20
Q

When was Cognitive Theory found?

A

1936

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21
Q

Who is the proponent of the Cognitive Theory?

A

Jean Piaget

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22
Q

The theory of psychology focuses on the coordination of body and brain and how thoughts and emotions have a physical basis in the brain.

A

Behavioral Neuroscience

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23
Q

Who is the proponent of Sociocultural Theory?

A

Leonard Doob

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24
Q

The theory of psychology emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.

A

Sociocultural Theory

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25
When was the Sociocultural Theory developed?
1990
26
Who is the proponent/s of Behavioral Theory?
Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner
27
The theory of psychology emphasizes a person's capacity for personal growth and the freedom to choose one's own identity.
Humanistic Theory
28
The theory of psychology emphasizes the adaption to the environment passed on from generation to generation.
Evolutionary Theory
29
Who is the proponent of the Evolutionary Theory?
Charles Darwin
30
When was the Evolutionary Theory developed?
1859
31
When was Psychoanalytic Theory developed?
1900
32
The theory of psychology focuses on the individual's mental process controlling behavior through memories, perceptions, and thinking.
Cognitive Psychology
33
What year was Humanistic Psychology developed?
1950
34
What are the influencing factors of the evolution of human behavior?
* Biological variations/genetics * Personal experiences * Social relationships * Culture * Environment
35
What does psychology being a discipline of multiple levels of analysis indicate?
New knowledge is gained from different vantage points.
36
The theory of psychology that works on one's strength
Positive Psychology
37
Psychologists and Psychiatrists are medical doctors (T/F)
False
38
What are the 2 types of decision-making?
Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning
39
What is science?
A systematic approach to evidence that safeguards us against bias.
40
Hypothesis
Testable statement, researchers predict will be the outcome of a study or experiment
41
What is deductive reasoning?
The process of using general premises to come up with a conclusion
42
What is inductive reasoning?
Testable prediction derived from scientific theory, general laws and principles.
43
What are the 6 Principles of Scientific Theory?
1. Rule out rival hypothesis 2. Correlation is not causation 3. Falsifiability 4. Replicability 5. Extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence 6. Occam's Razor
44
What principle of scientific theory questions if alternate explanations have been considered?
Rule out rival hypothesis
45
What principle of scientific theory is "can we be sure A causes B?"
Correlation is not causation
46
What principle of scientific theory is "can the claim be disproven?"
Falsifiability
47
What principle of scientific theory challenges if the results can be duplicated?
Replicability
48
What principle of scientific theory requires evidence and claims to be equally convincing?
Extraordinary claim needs extraordinary evidence
49
What principle of scientific theory asks if there is a simpler explanation?
Occam's Razor
50
It is the set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
Critical Thinking
51
An approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them.
Scientific Skepticism
52
It is the tendency to make decisions or take action in an illogical manner
Psychological Bias
53
Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs hypothesis, and deny/dismiss reports that contradict them
Confirmation Bias
54
Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Belief Perseverance
55
Set of claims that seem scientific but aren't; lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance
Pseudoscience
56
5 Differences of Science and Pseudoscience
* Science has verifiable results while pseudoscience has non-repeatable. * Science invites criticism. * Science undergoes ruthless peer review. * Science has willingness to change/ * Science has accurate measurement.
57
What are the warning signs of pseudoscience?
1. Ad hoc immunizing hypothesis 2. Lack of self-correction 3. Over Reliance on anecdotes
58
Clinical psychologist
assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
59
Personality psychologist
examines how a patient's personality influences how they interact with their environment.
60
Industrial psychologist
use of psychology for the efficiency and health of workers in the office
61
Counseling psychologist
help people recognize their strengths and resources to cope with everyday problems and serious adversity
62
Sports psychologist
help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure that often accompanies competition

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