Four Fundamental questions

Question 1

Four Fundamental questions in philosophy

Answer 1

What Is There?
What Can Be Known?
How Should Life Be Lived?
What Is Good Reasoning?

Question 2

METAPHYSICS
Metaphysics deals with the fundamental nature of reality and being. It seeks to answer what constitutes a thing. Its causes and effects; hence, what causes a cause.
Seeks to answer the nature of reality. It asks questions about what makes things as they are or what makes a human being truly human. Why do things exist? What is their purpose? What are they made of? Where do they come from?

Answer 2

What is there

Question 3

• Derived from the Greek meta ta physika (“after the things of nature”); referring to an idea, doctrine, or posited reality outside of human sense perception.
• is a type of philosophy or study that uses broad concepts to help define reality and our understanding of it.

Answer 3

Metaphysics

Question 4

Metaphysics Philosopher

Answer 4

Thales
Plato

Question 5

He claims that everything we experience is water (“reality”) and everything else is “appearance.”

Aristotle’s lines in Metaphysics indicate his understanding that Thales believed that, because water was the permanent entity, the earth floats on water.

________ may have reasoned that as a modification of water, earth must be the lighter substance, and floating islands do exist.

Answer 5

Metaphysics
Thales

Question 6

• Their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and matter.
• They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.

Answer 6

Metaphsics
Idealist and Materialist

Question 7

• “Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real.”
• Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect.
• calls these realities as ideas of forms

Answer 7

Metaphysics
Plato

Question 8

reality (Being) must be eternal and unchanging (therefore not the same as the world of our experience.)

Answer 8

Parmenides

Question 9

world of our experience is constantly changing.

Answer 9

Heraclitus

Question 10

• Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and grounds of knowledge. From the Greek episteme, meaning ‘knowledge’
• It seeks to answer fundamental questions about what knowledge is, how we acquire it, and how we can distinguish between knowledge and mere belief or opinion.

Answer 10

What can be known?

Question 11

EPISTEMOLOGY

Answer 11

1. Induction
   -Empiricist
   -Empiricsm
2. Deduction
3. Rationalist- advocates of deduction method
4. Pragmatism

Question 12

• gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched
• forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts

Answer 12

Induction

Question 13

advocates of induction method

Answer 13

Empiricist

Question 14

is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.

Answer 14

Empiricism

Question 15

gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood or judged.

Answer 15

Deduction

Question 16

real knowledge is based on the logic, the laws, and the methods that reason develops.

Answer 16

Rationalist – advocates of deduction method

Question 17

the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.

Answer 17

Pragmatism

Question 18

EXAMPLE OF EPISTEMOLOGY
IN REAL LIFE

Answer 18

Changing password
Decision Making
Critical Thinking
Validating News

Question 19

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of morality, distinguishing between right and wrong actions, and exploring the principles and values that guide human behavior. It examines the nature of ethical judgments and seeks to provide a framework for making morally sound decisions.

It discusses various ethical theories, including utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and more.

Answer 19

How should life be lived?

Question 20

3 Branches of Ethics

Answer 20

• Meta-Ethics
  -Moral Realism
  -Moral Anti-Realism
• Normative Ethics
• Applied Ethics

Question 21

-is the study of moral thought and moral language. Rather than addressing questions about what practices are right and wrong, and what our obligations to other people or future generations, _________ asks what morality actually is.

Answer 21

Meta-Ethics

Question 22

is the view that there are facts of the matter about which actions are right and which wrong, and about which things are good and which bad.

Answer 22

Moral realism

Question 23

postulates that there are not any objective moral values, but that moral and ethical values are attitudes held by individuals. Things are made right and wrong by our social context, and not much is strictly right or wrong in an objective sense.

Answer 23

Moral anti-realism

Question 24

• is the study of how we ought to act, morally speaking. It deals with questions about what is right and wrong, good and bad.

Answer 24

Normative Ethics

Question 25

is a branch of ethics that deals with practical and real-life moral issues. It involves the application of ethical principles to specific situations and contexts. It also called practical ethics, it attempts to answer the question of how people should act in specific situations.

Answer 25

Applied Ethics

Question 26

-Philosopher Aristotle, emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits and the cultivation of moral virtues. -Aristotle said that life should be lived virtuously, striving for eudaimonia, which is often translated as "flourishing" or "well-being."

Answer 26

Virute Ethics

Question 27

is the ultimate goal of life, representing a state of flourishing, happiness, and well-being that arises from living virtuously.

Answer 27

Eudalmonia

Question 28

philosopher like Marcus Aurelius, teaches that the key to a good life lies in cultivating wisdom, courage, self-discipline, and resilience in the face of adversity. Recognise what you can and cannot control.

Answer 28

Stoicism

Question 29

-philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and personal responsibility. It argues that life lacks inherent meaning, and individuals must create their own meaning through their choices and actions.

Answer 29

Existentlialism

Question 30

-This ethical theory, associated with philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, argues that the best way to live life is to maximize overall happiness or pleasure and minimize suffering.

Answer 30

Utilitarianism

Question 31

-This perspective suggests by David Pearce that the ultimate goal of life is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Answer 31

Hedonism

Question 32

The good life, according to Kant, involves acting in a way that respects the inherent worth of each individual.

Answer 32

Deontology

Question 33

Logic is a branch of philosophy that deals with the principles validating our reasoning. It came from the greek word logos which means word, discourse, or reason. It is not enough that our reasoning is correct, but most of all, it should also be valid. Throughout the history of philosophy, from ancient Greece to modern times, the study of logic has played a central role in the pursuit of understanding and rational discourse.

Answer 33

What is good reasong

Question 34

KEY CONCEPTS IN LOGIC

Answer 34

* Propositions * Arguments * Validity * soundness * deductive reasoning * inductive reasoning

Question 35

The fundamental ideas and principles within the field of logic that are essential to understanding and applying logical reasoning.

Answer 35

Key Concepts in Logic

Question 36

are statements or assertions that can be either true or false. In logic, propositions are used as the basic units of analysis, and logical reasoning often involves evaluating the truth or falsity of propositions.

Answer 36

Propositions

Question 37

consist of one or more propositions called premises, which are intended to support or provide evidence for another proposition called the conclusion.

Answer 37

Arguments

Question 38

refers to the property of an argument in which the conclusion logically follows from the premises. If an argument is valid, it means that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

Answer 38

Validity

Question 39

is a higher standard than validity. An argument is sound if it is valid, and all of its premises are true. A sound argument not only has a logically correct structure but also relies on true premises, ensuring the truth of the conclusion.

Answer 39

Soundness

Question 40

is a form of logical inference in which specific conclusions are drawn from general premises. _____________reasoning aims to guarantee the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true.

Answer 40

Deductive reasoning

Question 41

involves making generalizations based on specific observations or evidence. Unlike deductive reasoning, _____________ are probabilistic and may not guarantee truth.

Answer 41

Inductive Reasoning

Question 43

Refers to the ongoing importance and applicability of logical reasoning and principles in the field of philosophy in the modern era. It highlights how logic continues to play a crucial role in addressing current philosophical questions, challenges, and debates.

Answer 43

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF LOGIC IN PHILOSOPHY

Question 44

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF LOGIC IN PHILOSOPHY

Answer 44

* PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE * EPISTEMOLOGY * METAPHYSICS * ETHICS

Question 45

and logic are closely connected fields. Logic provides tools for analyzing the structure of language, assessing the truth and validity of statements, and understanding the relationship between language and thought.

Answer 45

Philosophy of Language

Question 46

, logic helps assess the rationality of beliefs and the nature of knowledge. Questions about induction, deduction, and the limits of human reason are central to this domain.

Answer 46

Epistomology

Question 47

Logic plays a role in metaphysical debates, such as the nature of existence, causality, and possibility. Modal logic, for example, is employed to discuss possible worlds and the necessity of certain truths.

Answer 47

Metaphysics

Question 48

Ethical reasoning often involves logical analysis, especially in discussions of moral principles, ethical dilemmas, and the justification of moral claims.

Answer 48

Ethics

Question 49

NEVER BACK DOWN, NEVER WHAT?!

Answer 49

NEVER GIVE UP!!!