Fr Rev

Question 1

Causes of the American Revolution

Answer 1

After French and Indian war, British want taxes from colonists. Colonists think not represented in parliament so shouldn’t have to pay
Colonists declared independence
British attack

Question 2

Constitutional convention

Answer 2

1787, delegates created new constitution, central government strong, three branches, checks and balances, president, bicameral legislature, bill of rights, guaranteed freedoms, rights derived from natural rights philosophy, American Revolution embodiment of enlightenment political dreams

Question 3

Lafayette

Answer 3

Aristocrat, fought in American Revolution, returned to France with ideas of individual liberties, republicanism, popular sovereignty

Question 4

Society of thirty

Answer 4

Club composed of people from Paris salons, lovers of liberty, influential in early stages of French revolution

Question 5

Impact of American Revolution

Answer 5

Portended era of significant changes, new international politics, proved liberal political ideas of enlightenment could work, social contract, etc, new and better world could be achieved, American constitution influenced declaration of rights of man and the citizen, far less important to Europe than the French Revolution

Question 6

Three estates

Answer 6

First estate: clergy, owned 10% of land, exempt from taille (tax), radically divided
Second estate: nobility, owned 25-30% of land, held leading positions, controlled heavy industry
Nobles of the robe: status derived from officeholding, dominated law courts and admin offices
Nobles of the sword: descendants of original medieval nobility
Nobles want to maintain control over land, less monarchy power
Third estate: commoners, majority of French society, very divided, peasants largest segment of third estate, relics of feudalism. Also wage earners in cities, decline in purchasing power, food prices rose a ton, economic discontent
8% bourgeoisie, middle class, benefited from economic prosperity, purchase land, excluded from noble privileges, resentments of middle class part of cause of French Revolution, distance, entered nobility
Oppose old order (old and rigid social order limiting them from moving up in society)

Question 7

Ségur law

Answer 7

Attempted to limit the sale of military officerships to fourth-generation nobles (excluded new members of the nobility)

Question 8

Problems facing French monarchy on eve of revolution

Answer 8

Ideas of the philosophes
Failure to make reforms
Financial crisis 
Collapse of government finances
Government huge, growing debt, King continue to spend on wars and extravagance, borrowed money, poor tax policy, no central bank, lenders stopped lending, parlement son help because think would cause higher taxes, government call estates general because on verge of financial collapse

Question 9

Estates general

Answer 9

Representatives from all estates, some want vote by order, some want vote by head, opened 1789, at the time most delegates wanted to make changes with respect for the authority of the king
June 1789 third estate voted to constitute itself a National Assembly, draw up constitution, locked out, moved to tennis court

Question 10

Cahiers de doléances

Answer 10

Statements of local grievances, drafted throughout France during elections to estates general, advocated regular constitutional government that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility as the major way to regenerate the country

Question 11

Abbe sieyes

Answer 11

Representative in estates general, issued pamphlet about how third estate wanted to become something,

Question 12

Tennis court oath

Answer 12

National Assembly moved here after locked out, made oath to continue to meet until had created a French constitution, first step in French Revolution because had no legal right to act as National Assembly

Question 13

Storming the Bastille

Answer 13

Common people responded in series of rural and urban uprisings to save third estate from King, used name of third estate to wage war on rich, most famous urban uprising was fall of Bastille. Parisian leaders formed permanent committee to keep order, organized popular force to capture invalides (Royal armory), attacked Bastille on July 14 (another royal armory), Bastille surrendered, symbol of popular triumph over despotism

Question 14

National guard

Answer 14

Lafayette commander, citizens’ militia

Question 15

The great fear

Answer 15

Vast panic, spread like wildfire through France, fear of invasion by foreign troops, aided by a supposed aristocratic plot, encouraged formation of more citizens’ militias and permanent committees

Question 16

Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

Answer 16

Charter of basic liberties, reflected ideas of major philosophes, American constitution, destroyed aristocratic privileges, monarchy restricted, didn’t consider women, de gouges wrote declaration saying women equal

Question 17

Women’s March

Answer 17

Louis and family at Versailles, crowds of Parisian women marched to Versailles to confront King and National Assembly, forced King and family to move to Paris, brought flour, King accepted National Assembly’s decrees

Question 18

Civil constitution of the clergy

Answer 18

Catholic Church imprinting pillar of old order, 1790 civil constitution of the clergy, Catholic bishops and priests elected by people and paid by state, all clergy required to swear oath of allegiance to civil constitution, pope forbade it, almost half refused, Catholic Church became enemy of Revolution, gave counterrevolution popular base from which to operate

Question 19

Assignats

Answer 19

Form of paper money, issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property

Question 20

Constitution of 1791

Answer 20

Established a limited constitutional monarchy, new legislative assembly, indirect system of election that preserved power in the hands of affluent people, divided France into 83 departments

Question 21

Opposition to the revolution

Answer 21

From clerics who opposed the civil constitution of the clergy, lower classes hurt by rise in cost of living (from inflation of assignats), peasants, political clubs.

Question 22

Declaration of Pillnitz

Answer 22

Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia issued 1791, invited other European monarchs to help Louis, but couldn’t work together, French declare war on Austria 1792, defeats, groups attack, 1792 King taken captive, forced legislative assembly to suspend monarchy and call for national convention, about to enter more radical stage

Question 23

Sans-culottes

Answer 23

Ordinary patriots without fine clothes

Question 24

Girondists/girondes

Answer 24

Represented provinces, feared radical mobs in Paris, wanted to keep King alive

Question 25

Mountain

Answer 25

Represented city, middle class, wanted to kill King, won 1793 King killed, destruction of old regime complete

Question 26

Jacobins

Answer 26

First emerged as gathering of more radical deputies at beginning of Revolution, served mainly as discussion groups, extensive correspondence network, huge number of clubs, wanted more radical solutions to the nation's problems

Question 27

Committee of public safety

Answer 27

Foreign crises, French could be invaded, national convention adopted program of curbing anarchy and counterrevolution at home, mobilizing people. To administer government gave broad powers to committee of public safety, dominated initially by Danton, decreed universal mobilization of nation on 1793, nation in arms, reign of terror, sent representatives as agents of central government to all departments to explain war emergency measures and to implement laws dealing with wartime emergency, tried to provide economic controls, requisition food supplies, Law of General Maximum established price controls on goods declared of first necessity, didn't work very well, law of 14 frimaire 1793, sought to centralize administration and exercise greater control in order to check excesses of reign of terror, 1794 turned back on radical supporters, turned Paris commune into docile tool, alienated important group

Question 28

Reign of terror

Answer 28

Committee of public safety instituted this, revolutionary courts organized to protect republic from internal enemies, lots of victims, royalists, former revolutionary Girondists, peasants, huge number of people killed, little class prejudice

Question 29

Vendée

Answer 29

Revolt, revolutionary armies defeat rebel armies

Question 30

Robespierre

Answer 30

One of most important members of committee of public safety, eventually killed by reign of terror

Question 31

Danton

Answer 31

Minister of justice of Paris commune, key player in committee of public safety

Question 32

De-christianization

Answer 32

National convention policy of de christianization, change Christian stuff, backfired because France overwhelmingly Catholic, new republican calendar, 1792 was year I, intense opposition, abandoned in 1806

Question 33

The directory

Answer 33

Thermidorian reaction, terror abate, committee of public safety curtailed, jacobin club shut down, churches reopened, 1795 freedom of worship to cults, laissez-faire, new Consitution, 1795, more conservative republicanism, national legislative assembly, council of 500, council of elders, executive authority was directory, directory had to rely on military strength for its survival, materialistic reaction to suffering and sacrifices demanded in reign of terror and republic of virtue, gilded youth, political enemies all over, total collapse in value of assignats, coup d'état 1799, Napoleon seized power

Question 34

Napoleon

Answer 34

Made peace with Catholic Church, not established as state religion but just majority religion, first consul for life, military genius, huge powers, concordat of 1801 pope can depose French bishops, state nominate them

Question 35

Napoleonic code

Answer 35

Napoleon worked to codify France's 300 laws, brought work into seven codes, most important was civil code, preserved most of revolutionary gains, recognized equality under the law, etc, property rights protected, outlawed trade unions, women's rights curtailed

Question 36

NB's domestic policies

Answer 36

Made bureaucracy a powerful central machine, instituted prefects, responsible for supervising local government, also Napoleon made professional tax collectors, no exemptions, 1802 balanced budget, meritocracy, growing despotism

Question 37

The continental system

Answer 37

Napoleon have huge empire, tried to destroy old order, needed common front against British, Napoleon want try to diminish britain's power, do continental system. 1806-1807, tried to prevent British goods from reaching European continent to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war, but failed.

Question 38

Von Metternich

Answer 38

Leader of congress of Vienna, Austrian foreign minister, proponent of principle of legitimacy, to reestablish peace and stability in Europe necessary to restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions, represented conservatism, established principle of intervention, great powers of Europe had right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones, Britian no agree, Austria Prussia Russia meet

Question 39

Congress of Vienna

Answer 39

Quadruple alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, agreed to remain united to defeat France and ensure peace after the war, 1814 final peace settlement, believed forming a new balance of power, France remained a great power, strong kingdoms around France, France's borders pushed back to those of 1790, nation forced to pay indemnity and accept army of occupation for five years

Question 40

Edmund Burke and conservatism

Answer 40

1790 wrote reflections on the Revolution in France, maintained that society was a contract but said state was a partnership between living dead and future, no one generation has the right to destroy the partnership, argued against violent overthrow of government by Revolution but accepted sudden change

Question 41

Concert of Europe

Answer 41

Means to maintain the new status quo that Europeans had constructed, grew out of reaffirmation of quadruple alliance in November 1815, England Russia Prussia Austria renewed commitment against any attempted restoration of bonapartist power, meet periodically, four congresses between 1818-1822, first 1818 aix la chapelle, four great powers agreed to withdraw army of occupation from France and to add France to concert of Europe, 1820 at troppau, dealt with outbreak of Revolution in Spain and Italy, Metternich established principle of intervention, great powers of Europe had right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones, Britian no agree, Austria Prussia Russia meet 1821 third congress at Laibach, authorized sending of Austria pin troops to Naples, Verona 1822 conference

Question 42

The Greek revolt

Answer 42

Principle of intervention designed to prevent Revolution, could also be used to support revolution, 1821 Greeks revolted against ottoman Turks, revival of Greek national sentiment, treaty of adrianople 1829, ended Russian Turkish war, Russians get protectorate over two provinces, Ottoman Empire allow others to decide fate of Greece, 1830 Greece declared independent kingdom

Question 43

Society under the old regime

Answer 43

a. In France, people were divided into three estates i. First Estate 1. High-ranking members of the Church 2. Privileged class ii. Second Estate 1. Nobility 2. Privileged class iii. Third Estate 1. Everyone else—from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities 2. Unprivileged class

Question 44

economic conditions under old regime

Answer 44

a. France's economy was based primarily on agriculture b. Peasant farmers of France bore the burden of taxation c. Poor harvests meant that peasants had trouble paying their regular taxes i. Certainly could not afford to have their taxes raised d. Bourgeoisie often managed to gather wealth i. But were upset that they paid taxes while nobles did not

Question 45

france is bankrupt

Answer 45

a. The king (Louis XVI) lavished money on himself and residences like Versailles b. Queen Marie Antoinette was seen as a wasteful spender c. Government found its funds depleted as a result of wars i. Including the funding of the American Revolution d. Deficit spending—a government spending more money than it takes in from tax revenues e. Privileged classes would not submit to being taxed

Question 46

long term causes of french revolution

Answer 46

i. Absolutism ii. Unjust socio-political system (Old Regime) iii. Poor harvests which left peasant farmers with little money for taxes iv. Influence of Enlightenment philosophes b. Also i. System of mercantilism which restricted trade ii. Influence of other successful revolutions 1. England's Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) 2. American Revolution (1775-1783)

Question 47

short term causes of fr rev

Answer 47

a. Bankruptcy i. Caused by deficit spending ii. Financial ministers (Turgot, Necker, Calonne) proposed changes 1. But these were rejected iii. Assembly of Notables voted down taxation for the nobility in 1787 b. Great Fear i. Worst famine in memory ii. Hungry, impoverished peasants feared that nobles at Estates-General were seeking greater privileges iii. Attacks on nobles occurred throughout the country in 1789 c. Estates-General i. Louis XVI had no choice but to call for a meeting of the Estates-General to find a solution to the bankruptcy problem 1. All three estates ii. Had not met since 1614 iii. Set in motion a series of events which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and a completely new socio-political system for France

Question 48

preparing for estates general

Answer 48

a. Winter of 1788-1789 i. Members of the estates elected representatives b. Cahiers i. Traditional lists of grievances written by the people ii. Nothing out of the ordinary 1. Asked for only moderate changes

Question 49

meeting of estates general

Answer 49

a. Voting was conducted by estate i. Each estate had one vote ii. First and Second Estates could operate as a bloc to stop the Third Estate from having its way iii. First Estate + Second Estate > Third Estate b. Representatives from the Third Estate demanded that voting be done by population i. This would give the Third Estate a great advantage c. Deadlock resulted

Question 50

tennis court oath

Answer 50

a. The Third Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly b. Louis XVI responded by locking the Third Estate out of the meeting c. The Third Estate relocated to a nearby tennis court where its members vowed to stay together and create a written constitution for France d. On June 23, 1789, Louis XVI relented i. He ordered the three estates to meet together as the National Assembly and vote, by population, on a constitution for France e. "The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of the public order; and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled, there is the National Assembly; "Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one of them individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature."

Question 51

four phases of fr rev and dates

Answer 51

a. National Assembly (1789-1791) b. Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) c. Convention (1792-1795) d. Directory (1795-1799)

Question 52

national assembly

Answer 52

(1789-1791) a. Louis XVI did not want a written constitution b. When news of his plan to use military force against the National Assembly reached Paris on July 14, 1789, people stormed the Bastille

Question 53

uprising in paris

Answer 53

a. People of Paris seized weapons from the Bastille i. July 14, 1789 ii. Parisians organized their own government which they called the Commune iii. Small groups—factions—competed to control the city of Paris b. Uprising spread throughout France i. Nobles were attacked ii. Records of feudal dues and owed taxes were destroyed iii. Many nobles fled the country—became known as émigrés iv. Louis XVI was forced to fly the new tricolor flag of France

Question 54

emigres

Answer 54

nobles who left the country during the fr rev bc scared of commoners

Question 55

women march

Answer 55

a. Parisian commune feared that Louis XVI would have foreign troops invade France to put down the rebellion i. Louis XVI's wife, Marie Antoinette, was the sister of the Austrian emperor b. A group of women attacked Versailles on October 5, 1789 i. Forced royal family to relocate to Paris along with the National Assembly ii. Royal family spent next several years in the Tuileries Palace as virtual prisoners

Question 56

changes under national assembly

Answer 56

a. Abolishment of guilds and labor unions b. Abolition of special privileges c. Constitution of 1791 d. Declaration of the Rights of Man e. Equality before the law (for men) f. Many nobles left France and became known as émigrés g. Reforms in local government h. Taxes levied based on the ability to pay

Question 57

doromac

Answer 57

a. Freedom of religion b. Freedom of speech c. Freedom of the press d. Guaranteed property rights e. "Liberty, equality, fraternity!" f. Right of the people to create laws g. Right to a fair trial

Question 58

dorowac

Answer 58

a. Journalist Olympe de Gouges argued in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman that women are equal citizens and should benefit from governmental reforms just as men did b. Madame Jeanne Roland also served as a leader in the women's rights movement, and was able to heavily influence her husband (a government official) c. Women did gain some rights during the French Revolution, but these were designed for purposes other than liberating women i. Women could inherit property, but only because doing so weakened feudalism and reduced wealth among the upper classes ii. Divorce became easier, but only to weaken the Church's control over marriage

Question 59

end of special privileges

Answer 59

a. Church lands were seized, divided, and sold to peasants b. Civil Constitution of the Clergy required that Church officials be elected by the people, with salaries paid by the government i. 2/3 of Church officials fled the country rather than swear allegiance to this c. All feudal dues and tithes were eradicated d. All special privileges of the First and Second Estates were abolished

Question 60

constitution of 1791

Answer 60

a. Democratic features i. France became a limited monarchy 1. King became merely the head of state ii. All laws were created by the Legislative Assembly iii. Feudalism was abolished b. Undemocratic features i. Voting was limited to taxpayers ii. Officers were reserved for property owners c. This new government became known as the Legislative Assembly

Question 61

legislative assembly

Answer 61

(1791-1792) a. Royal family sought help from Austria i. In June, 1791, they were caught trying to escape to Austria b. Nobles who fled the revolution lived abroad as émigrés i. They hoped that, with foreign help, the Old Regime could be restored in France c. Church officials wanted Church lands, rights, and privileges restored i. Some devout Catholic peasants also supported the Church d. Political parties, representing different interests, emerged i. Girondists ii. Jacobins

Question 62

opposition to the new government

Answer 62

a. European monarchs feared that revolution would spread to their own countries i. France was invaded by Austrian and Prussian troops b. In the uproar, the Commune took control of Paris i. Commune was led by Danton, a member of the Jacobin political party c. Voters began electing representatives for a new convention which would write a republican constitution for France i. A republic is a government in which the people elect representatives who will create laws and rule on their behalf ii. Meanwhile, thousands of nobles were executed under the suspicion that they were conspirators in the foreign invasion

Question 63

national convention

Answer 63

(1792-1795) a. On September 22, 1792, the Convention met for the first time b. Established the First French Republic c. Faced domestic opposition and strife i. Girondists were moderates who represented the rich middle class of the provinces ii. Jacobins (led by Marat, Danton, Robespierre) represented workers d. Faced opposition from abroad i. Austria, England, Holland, Prussia, Sardinia, and Spain formed a Coalition invading France

Question 64

abolishment of monarchy

Answer 64

a. The Convention abolished the monarchy i. As long as the royal family lived, the monarchy could be restored ii. Put the royal couple on trial for treason 1. Convictions were a foregone conclusion iii. Louis XVI was guillotined on January 21, 1793 iv. Marie Antoinette was guillotined on October 16, 1793 v. Daughter Marie-Thèrése was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795 1. She could not become queen because of Salic law, which did not allow females to succeed to the throne vi. Son Louis-Charles, a.k.a. Louis XVII (lived 1785-1795), was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison

Question 65

memorable jacobins

Answer 65

a. Georges Danton – Reign of Terror b. Maximilien Robespierre – Reign of Terror c. Jean-Paul Marat i. Because of debilitating illness, Marat was eventually forced to work from home ii. He was assassinated (in the tub while taking a medicinal bath) by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist sympathizer, in July, 1793

Question 66

reign of terror

Answer 66

1793-1794 a. Despite military successes, the Convention continued to face problems domestically b. Danton and his Jacobin political party came to dominate French politics c. Committee of Public Safety i. Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre) ii. Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee's Revolutionary Tribunal iii. Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine 1. Guillotine became known as the "national razor" 2. Included innovative thinkers like Olympe de Gouges and Madame Jeanne Roland

Question 67

end of reign of terror

Answer 67

a. Members of the Girondist political party tried to end the Reign of Terror initiated by the Jacobin political party i. This opposition to the Committee of Public Safety caused many Girondists to be tried and executed for treson b. Eventually, even Georges Danton wanted to end the executions i. This resulted in Danton being tried and executed for treason c. Maximilien Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety i. He continued the executions ii. Convention came to blame Robespierre for the Reign of Terror d. Thermidorean Reaction i. July 27, 1794 – ended the Reign of Terror ii. Convention sent Robespierre and other members of the Committee of Public Safety to the guillotine 1. Robespierre was guillotined on July 28, 1794

Question 68

constitution of the year iii of the republic (1795)

Answer 68

a. With the foreign invaders vanquished and the Reign of Terror at an end, the Convention was finally able to inaugurate its new constitution b. Constitution of the Year III of the Republic (1795) created the Directory

Question 69

government under the directory

Answer 69

a. Executive i. 5 directors appointed by the legislature b. Legislature i. Lower house (500 members) proposed laws ii. Upper house (250 members) voted on these laws iii. 2/3 of the legislature would initially be filled by members of the Convention c. Qualifications i. Girondists (middle-class party) had defeated the Jacobins (working- and peasant-class party) ii. Girondists' constitution stated that suffrage (the right to vote), as well as the right to hold office, were limited to property owners relied on military support

Question 70

directory

Answer 70

(1795-1799) a. The Directory suffered from corruption and poor administration b. The people of France grew poorer and more frustrated with their government c. Despite, or perhaps because of, these struggles, the French developed a strong feeling of nationalism—they were proud of their country and devoted to it d. National pride was fueled by military successes e. It would be a military leader—Napoleon Bonaparte, coming to power through a coup d'état (military overthrow of the government)—who would end the ten-year period (1789-1799) known as the French Revolution