FRA (I): 15 & 16 Flashcards by Natalie Fabrizio

Refers to the way companies show their financial performance to all interested parties (investors, creditors, suppliers, etc.) by preparing and presenting financial statements

Financial reporting

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What are the 3 objectives of financial statement analysis?

1) Evaluate a company to make economic decisions
 Using information in a company’s financial statements, along with other relevant information to make economic decisions
 Whether to invest
 Recommend to investors
 Extend trade
 Extend bank credit
2) Evaluate past performance and current financial position
3) Form opinions about a firm’s ability to earn profit and generate cash flow in the future

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reports the firm’s financial position at a point in time

Statement of financial position (Balance sheet):

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What components make up the balance sheet?

1) Assets= liabilities + owner’s equity

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the residual interest in the net assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities from its asset

 Owner’s equity (shareholder’s equity, shareholder’s funds, net assets, etc.):

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Owner’s equity= ?

= owners’ investment + retained earnings

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shows the results of a firm’s business activities over the period

Statement of comprehensive income:

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Statement of comprehensive income shows all changes in equity, except for ________?

Shareholder’s transactions: share issues, stock buybacks, dividends

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reports the financial performance of the firms over a period of time

Statement of operations or profit and loss statement (Income statement)

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The income statement is made up of?

Net income= Revenues - Expenses
and other income (gains and losses)

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the income statement is _____ based, using the ____ principle

accrual; matching

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reports the amounts and sources of changes in equity investors investment in the firm over a period of time

Statement of changes in equity

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stock at par
additional paid in capital
issuance and repurchases
changes in RE
other comprehensive income
dividends

statement of stockholder’s equity

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include disclosures that provide further details about the information summarized in the financial statements

financial statement notes (footnotes)

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Explain the importance of footnotes

allows users to improve their assessments of the amount, timing, and uncertainty of the estimates in the financial statements

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Provides additional info on items like:
business acquisitions or disposals
legal actions
employee benefit plans
contingencies and commitments
significant customers
sales to related parties
segments of the firm

financial statement footnotes

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Discusses the basis of presentation such as the fiscal period covered by the statements and the inclusion of consolidated entities

financial statement footnotes

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addresses:
 Company’s key relationships, resources, and risks (recommended by IFRS)
 Nature of the business
 Management’s objectives
 Company’s past performance
 The performance measures
 significant trends, events, and uncertainties that affect operating results

Managements commentary/ Management Discussion and analysis (MD&A)

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objectives of audits: enable the auditor to provide an opinion on the _____ and ______ of the financial statements

fairness; reliability

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a clean/unqualified audit opinion means the auditor believes the statements are:

free from material omissions and errors

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Qualified opinion: if the statements make ______ to the accounting principles

any exceptions

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Adverse opinion: if the statements are ______ or are materially _____ with accounting standards

not presented fairly; non-conforming

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Disclaimer opinion: if the auditor is _______ express an opinion

unable to

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Effective internal controls ensure the ______, and are the responsibility of _______

accuracy of the financial statements; management

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processes by which the company ensures that it presents accurate financial statements

internal controls

Issued to shareholders when there are matters that require a shareholder vote

Proxy statements

quarterly and semiannual, unaudited reports

SEC filings ## Footnote Interim SEC fillings typically update the major financial statements & footnotes

written by management and often viewed as public relations or sales material

corporate reports/ press releases

firms often provide this before financial statements are released, where senior management is able to answer questions on a conference call

earnings guidance

Financial statement analysis framework: 1. State the ______ 2. Gather _____ 3. Process _____ 4. _____ and ____ data 5. ____ conclusions or recommendations 6. ____ analysis

1. State the objective and context. Determine what questions the analysis is meant to answer, the form in which it needs to be presented, and what resources and how much time are available to perform the analysis. 2. Gather data. Acquire the company's financial statements and other relevant data on its industry and the economy. Ask questions of the company's management, suppliers, and customers, and visit company sites. 3. Process the data. Make any appropriate adjustments to the financial statements. Calculate **ratios**. Prepare exhibits such as graphs and common-size balance sheets. 4. Analyze and interpret the data. Use the data to answer the questions stated in the first step. **Decide what conclusions or recommendations** the information supports. 5. Report the conclusions or recommendations. **Prepare a report** and communicate it to its intended audience. Be sure the report and its dissemination comply with the Code and Standards that relate to investment analysis and recommendations. Discussion & presentation of **inherent risks** 6. Update the analysis. Repeat these steps periodically and change the conclusions or recommendations when necessary.

An audit provides _____ ______ that the financial statements are fairly presented

reasonable assurance

the preferred audit opinion is the _____

unqualified/clean

The following (increase/decrease) the ______ -New equity issuance ____ -cash dividends _____ -share repurchase____

paid in capital account (owner's investment) * + new equity issuance * - cash dividends * - share repurchase

For a company issuing securities, in the US, to meet it's obligations with Sarbanes Oxley act, management is required to attest to?

the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting

The footnotes reveal ?

information about accounting methods, estimates, and assumptions

According to IASB, what is the difference in financial reporting and the objective of financial statements?

Using the information in a company's financial statements to make economic decisions is financial analysis, not financial reporting.

Role of financial statement analysis: To form ______ about a company’s future _____ and financial _____

expectations performance position

Owner's equity=

paid in capital + retained earnings

Provide information about the firm, to current and potential investors & lenders:

Role of Financial Statement Reporting

What is the importance of the conceptual framework for financial reporting?

provide consistency, by narrowing the range of acceptable financial reports

private sector, professional organizations of accountants and auditors that **establish** financial reporting standards

standard setting bodies

For standard setting bodies to have authority, they must be ____?

recognized by regulatory authorities

what are the two primary standard setting bodies and what do they each set?

FASB sets GAAP IASB sets IFRS

government agencies that have the legal authority to **enforce** compliance with **financial reporting standards**

regulatory authorities

What regulatory authority does the US use? And what does it oversee?

SEC oversees the public companies accounting oversight board

The SEC enforces ______?

Sarbanes Oxley

Many national ______ belong to the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)

regulatory authorities

The objective of the IOSCO is to ensure markets are ____?

fair, efficient, transparent

IOSCO Role: promoting cross-border ______ and _____ in securities regulation

cooperation; uniformity

The conceptual framework for financial reporting details _______ and specifies ______?

qualitative characteristics of financial statements; specifies the required reporting elements

The objective of the conceptual framework for financial reporting: provide financial information that is useful in making decisions about ______? Based on ______ , ______, _______ of the firm?

providing resources to an entity financial position financial performance cash flows

What are the two qualitative characteristics of the conceptual framework for financial reporting?

relevance; faithful representation

Financial statements are ______ if information can influence user's economic decisions or affect evaluations of past events or forecast of future events

relevance (qualitative characteristic)

Financial statements have faithful representation if information is .....?

complete neutral free from error

What are the 4 enhancing characteristics for the qualitative characteristics of the conceptual framework?

comparability verifiability timeliness understandability

What are the required reporting elements for IASB conceptual framework?

assets liabilities equity income expense

Resources controlled as a result of past transactions that are expected to provide future economic benefits

assets

Obligations as a result of past events that are expected to require an outflow of economic resources

liabilities

The owners' residual interest in the assets after deducting the liabilities

equity

An increase in economic benefits  Enhancement of assets  Decrease of liabilities  Revenue and gains

income

Decreases in economic benefits  Outflow/depletion of assets  Increase in liabilities  Expenses and losses

expenses

Balance sheet measures ____?

a company's financial position

Income statement measures____?

a company's financial performance

When recognizing reporting elements, what two parameters are necessary?

1. **probable** flows of benefit 2. items value can be measured **reliably**

Items should be recognized in its financial statement element if a future economic benefit from the item is probable

probable flows of benefit

the amount originally paid for the asset

historical cost ## Footnote Advantage of using: objective & verifiable Disadvantage: may not represent economic value, especially in inflationary enviornment

the amount the firm would have to pay today for the sam asset

current cost

the estimated selling price of the asset in the normal course of business minus the selling cost * Amount received in an orderly disposal

net realizable value

discounted value of the asset’s expected future cash flows

present value

the price at which the asset can be sold, or liability transferred in an orderly transaction between willing parties

fair value

What are the two constraints of financial statement preparation?

benefit of info > cost of presenting info non-quantifiable info (company reputation)

What are the two assumptions of financial statements?

accrual basis going concern

Accrual basis: that the financial statements should reflect transactions when ______ , not when _____

they actually occur; cash is paid

Distinguishes between short term and long term components

going concern

What are the required financial statements under IFRS (IASB)?

* Balance sheet * Statement of comprehensive income * Cash flow statement * Statements of changes in owner’s equity * Explanatory notes (including a summary of accounting policies)

The following are ....? fair representation going concern basis accrual basis of accounting consistency materiality

features/fundamental principles of the required financial statements

The following are...? aggregation where appropriate no offsetting reporting frequency comparative info classified balance sheet specific minimum info

Presentation requirements of financial statements:

Reporting frequency of financial statements must be ____?

annually

A classified balance sheet shows?

current and noncurrent liabilities

To evaluate the potential effect of an innovative and unique type of business transaction on financial statements, an analyst should gain an understanding of the transactions ______?

economic purpose

SEC filings are available from:

EDGAR: Companies' annual and quarterly financial statements are also filed with the SEC (Form 10-K and Form 10-Q, respectively)

Auditors are appointed by:

audit committee of the BOD

Aims to develop accounting standards based on principles in an attempt to achieve consistency in financial reporting approaches and judgments while trying to limit the range of acceptable answers

The joint conceptual framework project of IASB & FASB

FRA (I): 15 & 16 Flashcards

(83 cards)