Freshwater

Question 1

Drainage basin system

Answer 1

An area within which water supplied by precipitation is transferred to the ocean, lake or larger stream. Includes all of the area that is drained by a river and its tributaries.

Question 2

Potential inputs

Answer 2

Rainfall, snow, frost, hail and dew

Question 3

Factors affecting local hydrology

Answer 3

Total amount of precipitation, intensity, type, geographic distribution, variability

Question 4

Evapotranspiration

Answer 4

Process in which water vapour escapes from living plants and enters atmosphere

Question 5

Factors affecting evaporation

Answer 5

Temperature, humidity and wind speed

Question 6

Surface runoff

Answer 6

Water flows over the lands surface

Question 7

Throughflow

Answer 7

Water flowing through the soil in natural pipes

Question 8

Base flow

Answer 8

Part of a rivers discharge that is provided by groundwater into the bed of a river

Question 9

Vegetation

Answer 9

Type of store.

Question 10

Through fall

Answer 10

water that falls through gaps in the vegetation

Question 11

Interception

Answer 11

when water is stored on plant surfaces.

Question 12

Stemflow

Answer 12

Water that trickles along twigs and branches

Question 13

Soil

Answer 13

Type of store. subsurface water in soil.

Question 14

Field capacity

Answer 14

amount of water held in soil after excess water drains away

Question 15

wilting point

Answer 15

range of moisture content in which permanent wilting of plants occurs. defines approximate limits to plant growth

Question 16

Gradient

Answer 16

decreases downstream

Question 17

Valley

Answer 17

increases downstream

Question 18

depth

Answer 18

increases downstream

Question 19

velocity

Answer 19

increases downstream

Question 20

width

Answer 20

increases downstream

Question 21

volume

Answer 21

increases downstream

Question 22

discharge

Answer 22

increases downstream

Question 23

Discharge

Answer 23

amount of water that passes a certain point in a given time

Question 24

hydraulic radius

Answer 24

relationship between the cross sectional area of the channel and the length of the wetted perimeter. C/WP

Question 25

Attrition

Answer 25

sediment colliding. erosion

Question 26

Solution

Answer 26

sediment dissolves due to acidity of river

Question 27

abrasion

Answer 27

sediment rubbing against river bed

Question 28

hydraulic action

Answer 28

water being forced into cracks

Question 29

traction

Answer 29

rolling of larger sediment

Question 30

suspension

Answer 30

the floating of particles/sediment in river

Question 31

solution

Answer 31

sediment dissolved into river

Question 32

saltation

Answer 32

bouncing of sediment

Question 33

deposition

Answer 33

sediment being dropped

Question 34

flood hydrograph

Answer 34

showing the discharge of a river at a given point over a short period of time

Question 35

approach segment

Answer 35

discharge of the river before the storm

Question 36

rising limb

Answer 36

rivers response to the rainfall period

Question 37

peak discharge

Answer 37

occurs when the river reaches its highest level

Question 38

lag time

Answer 38

period between maximum precipitation and peak discharge

Question 39

falling limb

Answer 39

discharge decreasing and river levels are falling

Question 40

stormflow

Answer 40

discharge, both surface and subsurface flow attributed to a single storm

Question 41

baseflow

Answer 41

very slow to respond to a storm but by continually releasing groundwater it maintains the rivers flow during periods of low precipitation

Question 42

bankfull discharge

Answer 42

water level reaches top of its channel

Question 43

economic water scarcity

Answer 43

caused by lack of investment in water infrastructure

Question 44

physical water scarcity

Answer 44

not enough water to meet both human demands and those of ecosystems to function effectively

Question 45

water quantity

Answer 45

total yield of water from a watershed

Question 46

water quality

Answer 46

suitability of water for drinking, recreational uses and as habitat for aquatic organisms

Question 47

drought

Answer 47

extended period of dry weather including conditions of extreme dryness

Question 48

absolute drought

Answer 48

15 days of less than 0.2mm of rainfall

Question 49

partial drought

Answer 49

29 days of less than 0.2mm of rainfall

Question 50

water stress

Answer 50

less than 1700 cubic meters per year of water supply

Question 51

eutrophication

Answer 51

overly enriched body of water with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae

Question 52

irrigation

Answer 52

application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals

Question 53

advantages of irrigation

Answer 53

``` fast manufacturing helps make cash flow of a country profound with the massive production of crops use water for household chores acts as a shield against famine helps improve yielding ```

Question 54

disadvantages of irrigation

Answer 54

not affordable can lead to salt efflorescence may lose residential and comercial lands turns area into wet and damp surface

Question 55

wetlands

Answer 55

land consisting of marshes or swamps

Question 56

importance of wetlands?

Answer 56

prevent flooding filter and purify surface water helps fish by releasing vegetative matter into the rivers

Question 57

rainwater harvesting

Answer 57

making use of available water before it drains away or evaporates.

Question 58

water storage methods

Answer 58

irrigation of individual plants rather than whole field covering areas of water with plastic or chemicals to reduce evaporation storage of water underground in gravel filled reservoirs