Freud & Learning

Question 1

psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Freud’s theory of personality; also, a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts

Question 2

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 2

a view of personality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but is less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a source of personality development

Question 3

personality

Answer 3

a person’s characteristic thoughts and behaviors

Question 4

Sigmund Freud

Answer 4

founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind

Question 5

free association

Answer 5

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to their mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 6

conscious mind

Answer 6

the thoughts and feelings were aware of

anything you are currently aware of/ thinking about

Question 7

preconscious

Answer 7

a region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
anything you have access to

Question 8

unconscious

Answer 8

region of the mind that is a reservoir of most unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
stuff so far deep down in your mind you don’t even have access to it

Question 9

id

Answer 9

consists of unconscious psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 10

superego

Answer 10

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

Question 11

ego

Answer 11

negotiates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality
operates on the realist principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 12

defense mechanisms

Answer 12

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 13

repression

Answer 13

banishing provoking thoughts (that could reemerge dreams)

Question 14

regression

Answer 14

moving back to a previous psychosexual stage

Question 15

denial

Answer 15

refusing to admit that something unpleasant happened

Question 16

reaction formation

Answer 16

making unacceptable impulses look like opposites

Question 17

projection

Answer 17

attributing threatening impulses to others

Question 18

rationalization

Answer 18

self-explaining things in a way that hides the behavior’s actual reason

Question 19

displacement

Answer 19

diverting aggressive feelings to an acceptable object or person

Question 20

psychosocial stages

Answer 20

childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on different parts of the body

Question 21

oral

Answer 21

(1-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth
- sucking, biting, chewing

Question 22

anal

Answer 22

(18-36 months)

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder function; coping with demands for control

Question 23

phallic

Answer 23

(3-6 years)

pleasure zone is the genitals; comping with incestuous sexual feelings

Question 24

latency

Answer 24

(6-puberty)

dormant sexual feelings

Question 25

genital

Answer 25

(puberty on) | maturation of sexual interests

Question 26

learning

Answer 26

a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

Question 27

classical conditioning

Answer 27

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

Question 28

stimulus

Answer 28

anything in the environment that one can respond to

Question 29

response

Answer 29

any behavior or action

Question 30

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 30

a stimulus that triggers a reins reflexively and automatically

Question 31

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 31

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 32

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 32

a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response

Question 33

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 33

the response to the conditioned stimulus

Question 34

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 34

Russian psychologist and learning theorist famous for the discovery of classical conditioning, in which learning occurs through association

Question 35

acquisition

Answer 35

the process of developing a learned response when a behavior is being reinforced classical: US and CS operant: reinforcer present

Question 36

extinction

Answer 36

in classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone

Question 37

operant conditioning

Answer 37

a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior active

Question 38

Edward Thorndike

Answer 38

author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning

Question 39

Law of Effect

Answer 39

behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently

Question 40

B.F. Skinner

Answer 40

Behavioral psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world

Question 41

reinforcement

Answer 41

any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior

Question 42

punishment

Answer 42

any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

Question 43

continuous reinforcement

Answer 43

a reward follows every correct response | useful for establishing new behaviors

Question 44

partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 44

a reward follows only some correct responses

Question 45

intermitten reinforcement

Answer 45

(only some of the time) | hope springs eternal and we are reluctant to give up

Question 46

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 46

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period

Question 47

variable-interval schedule

Answer 47

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time

Question 48

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 48

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses

Question 49

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 49

partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses

Question 50

short term habituation

Answer 50

decreased response after one session

Question 51

long term habituation

Answer 51

decreased response after multiple session

Question 52

spontaneous recovery

Answer 52

a delay during extinction cause responding to increase transiently

Question 53

shaping

Answer 53

reinforce almost any movement, reinforce behaviors similar to target, only reinforce behaviors that are almost identical to target behavior reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one used to establish new behaviors operant conditioning

Question 54

positive reinforcement

Answer 54

operant conditioning; anything increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state add a desirable stimulus

Question 55

negative reinforcement

Answer 55

operant conditioning; anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state removes an aversive stimulus

Question 56

primary reinforcement

Answer 56

biologically necessary for survival | naturally reinforcing/rewarding , such as food if you're hungry, warmth if you're cold, water if you're thirsty

Question 57

secondary reinforcement

Answer 57

conditioned reinforcer neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcing capabilities through pairings with a primary reinforcer something you have learned is rewarding because it has been paired with a primary reinforcer learned to value money, grades, diploma

Question 58

positive punishment

Answer 58

behavior is followed by an undesirable event (kid burned by stove is less likely to touch the stove again) administer an aversive stimulus

Question 59

negative punishment

Answer 59

behavior ends a desirable event or state (kid losing tv privileges for being mean to sister is less likely to be mean to sister again) withdraw a desirable stimulus

Question 60

discrimination (operant conditioning)

Answer 60

ability to distinguish among similar signals or stimuli and produce responses

Question 61

extinction (operant conditioning)

Answer 61

loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it | reinforcer is no longer present

Question 62

generalization

Answer 62

you will always perform the same behavior

Question 63

reinforcer

Answer 63

something that causes a behavior to increase in frequency

Question 64

Albert Bandura

Answer 64

social reinforcement theory strong reinforcing effects of social stimuli role of observational learning (modeling and imitation)